Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Comparative anatomy > "Prochordates" and chordate characters > Flashcards

"Prochordates" and chordate characters Flashcards

1
Q

what are two major animal groups based on embryonic development?

A
  1. protosomes
  2. deuterostomes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

protosomes (first mouth)

A

spiral/offset cleavage, schizocoelom, blastopore forms mouth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

deuterostomes (second mouth)

A

radial/aligned cleavage, enterocoelom, blastopore forms anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

chordates are __________(bilaterally symmetrical) deuterstomes

A

bilaterian

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what are the 6 chordate characteristics?

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. postanal tail
  5. endostyle
  6. myomeres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal supporting rod composed of fibrous connective tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

situated above the notochord and develops in the central nervous system in vertebrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

series of small openings that pierce the pharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

postanal tail

A

posterior extension of the body past the anus used for locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

endostyle

A

(subpharyngeal and thyroid gland) involved in mucus production and/or iodine metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

myomeres

A

muscles block involved with locomotion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

T/F: the chordate characteristics may be a permanent adult structure or they can occur temporarily during development

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

are chordate characteristics synapomorphies?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what characteristic allows for lateral flexion but prevents collapse by muscle contraction during locomotion?

A

Notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

the notochord consists of a core of _________ encased in a sheath of _______ fibers.

A

glycoproteins, collagen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is the notochord largely replaced by in most vertebrates?

A

vertebral column

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve cord forms the ______ via ___________.

A

CNS, neurulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve chord is induced by?

A

the notochord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

in ___________ the nerved chord is ventrally placed and solid.

A

non-chordates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

how do protochordates intake water and food particles?

A

water containing suspended food particles enters the mouth and then through the pharynx. the food becomes trapped in the pharyngeal mucus and water exits through the pharyngeal slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

in vertebrates, the pharynx is a part of the _________ and _________.

A

digestive and respiratory system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

in vertebrates, the pharynx develops a series of _________ _______ between the pharyngeal arches during _______ ______.

A

pharyngeal pouches, embryonic growth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

in “fishes” pharyngeal pouches are pierced forming __________

A

gill slits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

pharyngeal slits have an exadaptation for respiratory change which means what?

A

pharyngeal walls of pouches become vascularized for gas exchange

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what is the function of the post-anal tail?
locomotion, counterbalance, and defense
26
where is the endostyle found in protochordates?
pharyngeal floor
27
what is the function of the endostyle?
produces mucus to trap food and synthesizes iodine-binding proteins
28
what is the endostyle homologous to in vertebrates?
sub pharyngeal gland and thyroid gland
29
what are myomeres?
segmented muscle blocks separated by myosepta
30
what is the function of myomeres?
locomotion
31
what do protochordates consost of?
an informal group consisting of hemichordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates
32
T/F: Protochordates have none of the chordate characteristics
FALSE: protochordate have 1 or more characters that may be permanent in the adult or occur temporarily during development
33
T/F: protochordate are passive suspension feeders by means of cilia and mucus
TRUE
34
what phylum are hemichordates a part of?
hemichordata
35
what are hemichordates?
marine acorn worms
36
what chordate characteristics do hemichordates (acorn worms) possess?
pharyngeal slits
37
in hemichordates, what is used for locomotion and feeding?
ciliated proboscis (head of the worm)
38
in hemichordates (acorn worms) where does water enter and exit?
water enters through the mouth and exits through pharyngeal slits
39
T/F: hemichordates have a notochord
FALSE!!! they have a stomochord which is used for stability
40
T/F: hemichordates and echinoderms (sea cucumbers) are sister taxa
TRUE: they branch from a common node and are often considered closely related
41
T/F: hemichordate larvae closely resemble echinoderm larvae
TRUE
42
what is the phylum and subphylum of cephalochordates
phylum Chordata, subphylum Cephalochordata
43
amphioxus (branchiostoma) is a part of what protochordate group?
cephalochordates
44
cephalochordates are cosmopolitan which means?
they are found all over the place but especially in warm temperate and tropical seas
45
Do cephalochordates (amphioxus) possess all 6 chordate characteristics?
YES
46
what does the wheel organ do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?
draws in water and food particles
47
what do the buccal cirri and velum do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?
sorts the water and food particles when entering
48
what does the hatscheks pit do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?
secretes mucus and possible endocrine function
49
how do the food particles make it through the "digestive system" of cephalochordates (amphioxus)?
Food particles trapped in the mucus secreted by the endostyle are moved toward the epibranchial groove vis cilia and sent to the digestive tract and water exits through pharyngeal slits into the atrium and out the atriopore
50
what is the oldest known chordate? what chordate features did it have?
pikaia gracilens (5 cm long). traces of an elongated notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and myomeres
51
what are the phylum and subphylum of urochordates?
phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata
52
what are examples of urochordates?
tunicates and ascidian larvae
53
how many of the chordate characteristics do the ascidian larvae have? adult?
larvae have 5 chordate characteristics (6 including weak myomeres) adult has 2 characters
54
ascidian larvae have a post-anal tail designed for?
dispersal (to get away)
55
what are the adhesive papillae/organs in ascidian larvae used for?
attach to a suitable substrate
56
what is the statocyst used for in ascidian larvae?
senses gravity
57
what is the ocellus used for in ascidian larvae?
photoreception
58
T/F: ascidian larvae have a well-developed digestive system
FALSE!! they have a poorly developed digestive system
59
what happens when the ascidian larvae go through metamorphosis?
axial complex (postanal tail, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord) is pulled into the body and reabsorbed the statocyst and ocellus are lost and the pharynx enlarges
60
after metamorphosis in the ascidian larvae, the pharyngeal slits subdivide repeatedly to produce small openings called?
stigmata
61
how does the tunicate trap food particles?
endostyle lines the pharynx and secretes mucus to trap food particles that pass through the incurrent siphon
62
In tunicates what exits through the excurrent siphon?
water and waste
63
T/F: All tunicate species are hermaphroditic (testes and ovaries)
TRUE!
64
solitary tunicates reproduce__________.
sexually
65
colonial species reproduce __________.
sexually and asexually (budding)
66
T/F: urochordates are the sister tata to vertebrates
TRUE!
67
dorsoventral inversion occurs between the ____________ and ___________.
cephalochordates and hemichordates/echinoderms
68

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions