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Comparative anatomy > "Prochordates" and chordate characters > Flashcards

"Prochordates" and chordate characters Flashcards

1
Q

what are two major animal groups based on embryonic development?

A
  1. protosomes
  2. deuterostomes
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2
Q

protosomes (first mouth)

A

spiral/offset cleavage, schizocoelom, blastopore forms mouth

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3
Q

deuterostomes (second mouth)

A

radial/aligned cleavage, enterocoelom, blastopore forms anus

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4
Q

chordates are __________(bilaterally symmetrical) deuterstomes

A

bilaterian

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5
Q

what are the 6 chordate characteristics?

A
  1. notochord
  2. dorsal hollow nerve cord
  3. pharyngeal slits
  4. postanal tail
  5. endostyle
  6. myomeres
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6
Q

notochord

A

longitudinal supporting rod composed of fibrous connective tissue

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7
Q

dorsal hollow nerve cord

A

situated above the notochord and develops in the central nervous system in vertebrates

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8
Q

pharyngeal slits

A

series of small openings that pierce the pharynx

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9
Q

postanal tail

A

posterior extension of the body past the anus used for locomotion

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10
Q

endostyle

A

(subpharyngeal and thyroid gland) involved in mucus production and/or iodine metabolism

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11
Q

myomeres

A

muscles block involved with locomotion

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12
Q

T/F: the chordate characteristics may be a permanent adult structure or they can occur temporarily during development

A

True

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13
Q

are chordate characteristics synapomorphies?

A

yes

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14
Q

what characteristic allows for lateral flexion but prevents collapse by muscle contraction during locomotion?

A

Notochord

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15
Q

the notochord consists of a core of _________ encased in a sheath of _______ fibers.

A

glycoproteins, collagen

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16
Q

what is the notochord largely replaced by in most vertebrates?

A

vertebral column

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17
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve cord forms the ______ via ___________.

A

CNS, neurulation

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18
Q

the dorsal hollow nerve chord is induced by?

A

the notochord

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19
Q

in ___________ the nerved chord is ventrally placed and solid.

A

non-chordates

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20
Q

how do protochordates intake water and food particles?

A

water containing suspended food particles enters the mouth and then through the pharynx. the food becomes trapped in the pharyngeal mucus and water exits through the pharyngeal slits

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21
Q

in vertebrates, the pharynx is a part of the _________ and _________.

A

digestive and respiratory system

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22
Q

in vertebrates, the pharynx develops a series of _________ _______ between the pharyngeal arches during _______ ______.

A

pharyngeal pouches, embryonic growth

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23
Q

in “fishes” pharyngeal pouches are pierced forming __________

A

gill slits

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24
Q

pharyngeal slits have an exadaptation for respiratory change which means what?

A

pharyngeal walls of pouches become vascularized for gas exchange

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25
Q

what is the function of the post-anal tail?

A

locomotion, counterbalance, and defense

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26
Q

where is the endostyle found in protochordates?

A

pharyngeal floor

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27
Q

what is the function of the endostyle?

A

produces mucus to trap food and synthesizes iodine-binding proteins

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28
Q

what is the endostyle homologous to in vertebrates?

A

sub pharyngeal gland and thyroid gland

29
Q

what are myomeres?

A

segmented muscle blocks separated by myosepta

30
Q

what is the function of myomeres?

A

locomotion

31
Q

what do protochordates consost of?

A

an informal group consisting of hemichordates, cephalochordates, and urochordates

32
Q

T/F: Protochordates have none of the chordate characteristics

A

FALSE: protochordate have 1 or more characters that may be permanent in the adult or occur temporarily during development

33
Q

T/F: protochordate are passive suspension feeders by means of cilia and mucus

A

TRUE

34
Q

what phylum are hemichordates a part of?

A

hemichordata

35
Q

what are hemichordates?

A

marine acorn worms

36
Q

what chordate characteristics do hemichordates (acorn worms) possess?

A

pharyngeal slits

37
Q

in hemichordates, what is used for locomotion and feeding?

A

ciliated proboscis (head of the worm)

38
Q

in hemichordates (acorn worms) where does water enter and exit?

A

water enters through the mouth and exits through pharyngeal slits

39
Q

T/F: hemichordates have a notochord

A

FALSE!!! they have a stomochord which is used for stability

40
Q

T/F: hemichordates and echinoderms (sea cucumbers) are sister taxa

A

TRUE: they branch from a common node and are often considered closely related

41
Q

T/F: hemichordate larvae closely resemble echinoderm larvae

A

TRUE

42
Q

what is the phylum and subphylum of cephalochordates

A

phylum Chordata, subphylum Cephalochordata

43
Q

amphioxus (branchiostoma) is a part of what protochordate group?

A

cephalochordates

44
Q

cephalochordates are cosmopolitan which means?

A

they are found all over the place but especially in warm temperate and tropical seas

45
Q

Do cephalochordates (amphioxus) possess all 6 chordate characteristics?

A

YES

46
Q

what does the wheel organ do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?

A

draws in water and food particles

47
Q

what do the buccal cirri and velum do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?

A

sorts the water and food particles when entering

48
Q

what does the hatscheks pit do in cephalochordates (amphioxus)?

A

secretes mucus and possible endocrine function

49
Q

how do the food particles make it through the “digestive system” of cephalochordates (amphioxus)?

A

Food particles trapped in the mucus secreted by the endostyle are moved toward the epibranchial groove vis cilia and sent to the digestive tract and water exits through pharyngeal slits into the atrium and out the atriopore

50
Q

what is the oldest known chordate? what chordate features did it have?

A

pikaia gracilens (5 cm long). traces of an elongated notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, and myomeres

51
Q

what are the phylum and subphylum of urochordates?

A

phylum Chordata, subphylum Urochordata

52
Q

what are examples of urochordates?

A

tunicates and ascidian larvae

53
Q

how many of the chordate characteristics do the ascidian larvae have? adult?

A

larvae have 5 chordate characteristics (6 including weak myomeres)

adult has 2 characters

54
Q

ascidian larvae have a post-anal tail designed for?

A

dispersal (to get away)

55
Q

what are the adhesive papillae/organs in ascidian larvae used for?

A

attach to a suitable substrate

56
Q

what is the statocyst used for in ascidian larvae?

A

senses gravity

57
Q

what is the ocellus used for in ascidian larvae?

A

photoreception

58
Q

T/F: ascidian larvae have a well-developed digestive system

A

FALSE!! they have a poorly developed digestive system

59
Q

what happens when the ascidian larvae go through metamorphosis?

A

axial complex (postanal tail, notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord) is pulled into the body and reabsorbed the statocyst and ocellus are lost and the pharynx enlarges

60
Q

after metamorphosis in the ascidian larvae, the pharyngeal slits subdivide repeatedly to produce small openings called?

A

stigmata

61
Q

how does the tunicate trap food particles?

A

endostyle lines the pharynx and secretes mucus to trap food particles that pass through the incurrent siphon

62
Q

In tunicates what exits through the excurrent siphon?

A

water and waste

63
Q

T/F: All tunicate species are hermaphroditic (testes and ovaries)

A

TRUE!

64
Q

solitary tunicates reproduce__________.

A

sexually

65
Q

colonial species reproduce __________.

A

sexually and asexually (budding)

66
Q

T/F: urochordates are the sister tata to vertebrates

A

TRUE!

67
Q

dorsoventral inversion occurs between the ____________ and ___________.

A

cephalochordates and hemichordates/echinoderms

68
Q
A

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

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