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Comparative anatomy > Introduction chap. 1 > Flashcards

Introduction chap. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms (means to cut up)

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2
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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3
Q

Functional morphology

A

the relationship between the form and the function of tissues, organs, or organ systems within organisms

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4
Q

In terms of functional morphology, form is coupled with ______ and ______ _______.

A

Function , biological role

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5
Q

What are the 4 reasons to study comparative anatomy?

A
  1. provides a deeper understanding of our human anatomy
  2. helps to resolve evolutionary relationships through phylogenetic trees
  3. provides insights into modern vertebrate species’ origins, evolution, and design
  4. anatomy of modern species helps infer biological processes in extinct species
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6
Q

primitive

A

The original condition of that trait in the common ancestor

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7
Q

derived

A

indicates a notable change from the original condition (modification of a primitive trait)

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8
Q

what is an example of a primitive trait?

A

vertebral column, body hair, three-part brain

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9
Q

If the primitive trait is hair, what could be the derived trait?

A

quills, feathers, coloration in hair, hair texture

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10
Q

T/F: mammals can look similar without being closely related to one another

A

True. Mammals can look similar due to environmental conditions.

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11
Q

homologous structure

A

structure found in two or more organisms that are derived from a common ancestor (shared)

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12
Q

In a homologous structure, can it have a similar anatomical position but not serve the same function?

A

YES

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13
Q

T/F: homologous structures are used to investigate phylogenic relationships and construct trees

A

TRUE

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14
Q

analogous structure

A

structure found in two or more organisms that look similar and is used for the same function, but have evolved independently

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15
Q

an analogous structure is produced through _______ ________?

A

convergent evolution

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16
Q

convergent evolution

A

Unrelated species independently evolve similar traits via adaptation to similar environments with similar selective pressures

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17
Q

exaptation (preadaptation)

A

a pre-existing structure that is inherited from an ancestor but is used for an unrelated function.

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18
Q

what is an example of an exaptation?

A

feathers were originally evolved for thermoregulation, but are now used for flight.

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19
Q

what is the phrase that describes evolutionary change involving continuous modification of ancestral structures?

A

descent with modification

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20
Q

systematics

A

the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of any relationships among them

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21
Q

systematic includes both __________ and __________

A

taxonomy, phylogenetics

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22
Q

taxonomy

A

discovering, describing, and naming organisms

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23
Q

phylogenetics

A

determining the evolutionary relationships among organisms

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24
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system of nomenclature in which 2 terms are used to denote an extant and extinct species

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25
Q

what do the first and second terms indicate in binomial nomenclature?

A

the genus and the specific epithet

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26
Q

phylogeny

A

the study of evolutionary relatedness among past and present taxonomic groups (relationships among living things through time)

27
Q

what is phylogeny visualized as?

A

evolutionary trees

28
Q

taxon

A

a named unit at any level of the hierarchy

29
Q

T/F: at each level/rank, a taxon is placed into a more inclusive group

A

True

30
Q

cladistics

A

a system of biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS that can be traced to a group’s most recent common ancestor.

31
Q

synapomorphies

A

shared derived trait found in two or more taxa that are used to infer a phylogenic relationship

32
Q

who proposed the idea of cladistics?

A

entomologist Willi Hennig

33
Q

character

A

heritable attribute used for recognizing, differentiating or classifying taxon

34
Q

symplesiomorphy

A

a shared primitive trait that is relatively unchanged from the ancestral form (not informative about relatedness)

35
Q

autapomorphy

A

a derived trait that is unique to only one group (not informative, tells ys nothing about relatedness)

36
Q

homoplasy

A

a derived trait found in two or more taxa that did not arise from a common ancestor

37
Q

T/F: Primitive traits are NOT informative

A

TRUE!

38
Q

T/F: derived traits ARE informative

A

True

39
Q

cladogram

A

branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationship between taxa

40
Q

clade

A

natural evolutionary lineage that includes the most recent common ancestor and all and only its descendants

41
Q

a clade forms a _______

A

monophyly

42
Q

monophyly

A

a complete clade that consists of the most recent common ancestor and ALL of its descendants

43
Q

paraphyly

A

an incomplete clade that includes the most recent common ancestor but NOT all of its descendants

44
Q

what is an example of paraphyly?

A

“fishes”
sarcopterygian fishes gave rise to tetrapods(amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds

45
Q

polyphyly

A

an artificial clade composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor (containing misleading convergent or homoplastic traits)

46
Q

sister taxa:

A

groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other’s closest relatives

47
Q

crown group

A

includes the most recent common ancestor of all living taxa of a particular group(plus any extinct descendants)

48
Q

stem group

A

includes extinct taxa related to but not part of the crown group

49
Q

total group

A

includes both the crown group and the stem groups

50
Q

stem mammals

A

those taxa in lineages leading to but derived before the mammalian crown group (includes pelycosaurs, gorgonopsids, and cynodonts)

51
Q

protomammals

A

Went extinct but gave rise to all living mammals today

52
Q

isometric growth

A

All structures of an organism have the same rate of growth so that its shape is consistent throughout ontogeny

53
Q

allometric growth

A

certain structures of an organism have differential rate of growth in an individual throughout history

54
Q

as a species increases in size, its ______ and ______ _____ do not increase at the same rate.

A

volume, surface area

55
Q

T/F: volume and amass increase faster than the surface area with an increase in overall size, thus supportive bone must become more robust

A

TRUE

56
Q

Because volume and mass increase disproportionately with surface area, larger organisms must have _______ _________ to allow for adequate ________ _________.

A

morphological specializations, physiological exchange

57
Q

heterochrony

A

evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events in the descendent species when compared to ancestral condition, leads to changes in size and shape

58
Q

paedomorphosis

A

juvenile characters of ancestors appear in adults of descendants

59
Q

progenesis

A

acceleration of reproductive development relative to somatic development when compared to ancestral condition

60
Q

neoteny

A

slowing down of somatic development relative to reproductive development when compared to the ancestral condition

61
Q

peramorphosis

A

adult somatic characters of descendants are exaggerated in shape when compared to that of ancestors

62
Q

acceleration

A

rate of development of a somatic structure increased compared to the ancestral condition

63
Q

hypermorphysis

A

offset in the developing somatic structure is delayed compared to the ancestral condition

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

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