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Comparative anatomy > Introduction chap. 1 > Flashcards

Introduction chap. 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of organisms (means to cut up)

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2
Q

Comparative anatomy

A

the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of different species

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3
Q

Functional morphology

A

the relationship between the form and the function of tissues, organs, or organ systems within organisms

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4
Q

In terms of functional morphology, form is coupled with ______ and ______ _______.

A

Function , biological role

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5
Q

What are the 4 reasons to study comparative anatomy?

A
  1. provides a deeper understanding of our human anatomy
  2. helps to resolve evolutionary relationships through phylogenetic trees
  3. provides insights into modern vertebrate species’ origins, evolution, and design
  4. anatomy of modern species helps infer biological processes in extinct species
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6
Q

primitive

A

The original condition of that trait in the common ancestor

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7
Q

derived

A

indicates a notable change from the original condition (modification of a primitive trait)

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8
Q

what is an example of a primitive trait?

A

vertebral column, body hair, three-part brain

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9
Q

If the primitive trait is hair, what could be the derived trait?

A

quills, feathers, coloration in hair, hair texture

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10
Q

T/F: mammals can look similar without being closely related to one another

A

True. Mammals can look similar due to environmental conditions.

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11
Q

homologous structure

A

structure found in two or more organisms that are derived from a common ancestor (shared)

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12
Q

In a homologous structure, can it have a similar anatomical position but not serve the same function?

A

YES

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13
Q

T/F: homologous structures are used to investigate phylogenic relationships and construct trees

A

TRUE

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14
Q

analogous structure

A

structure found in two or more organisms that look similar and is used for the same function, but have evolved independently

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15
Q

an analogous structure is produced through _______ ________?

A

convergent evolution

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16
Q

convergent evolution

A

Unrelated species independently evolve similar traits via adaptation to similar environments with similar selective pressures

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17
Q

exaptation (preadaptation)

A

a pre-existing structure that is inherited from an ancestor but is used for an unrelated function.

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18
Q

what is an example of an exaptation?

A

feathers were originally evolved for thermoregulation, but are now used for flight.

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19
Q

what is the phrase that describes evolutionary change involving continuous modification of ancestral structures?

A

descent with modification

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20
Q

systematics

A

the scientific study of the kinds and diversity of organisms and of any relationships among them

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21
Q

systematic includes both __________ and __________

A

taxonomy, phylogenetics

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22
Q

taxonomy

A

discovering, describing, and naming organisms

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23
Q

phylogenetics

A

determining the evolutionary relationships among organisms

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24
Q

binomial nomenclature

A

system of nomenclature in which 2 terms are used to denote an extant and extinct species

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25
what do the first and second terms indicate in binomial nomenclature?
the genus and the specific epithet
26
phylogeny
the study of evolutionary relatedness among past and present taxonomic groups (relationships among living things through time)
27
what is phylogeny visualized as?
evolutionary trees
28
taxon
a named unit at any level of the hierarchy
29
T/F: at each level/rank, a taxon is placed into a more inclusive group
True
30
cladistics
a system of biological classification in which organisms are categorized based on SHARED DERIVED CHARACTERISTICS that can be traced to a group's most recent common ancestor.
31
synapomorphies
shared derived trait found in two or more taxa that are used to infer a phylogenic relationship
32
who proposed the idea of cladistics?
entomologist Willi Hennig
33
character
heritable attribute used for recognizing, differentiating or classifying taxon
34
symplesiomorphy
a shared primitive trait that is relatively unchanged from the ancestral form (not informative about relatedness)
35
autapomorphy
a derived trait that is unique to only one group (not informative, tells ys nothing about relatedness)
36
homoplasy
a derived trait found in two or more taxa that did not arise from a common ancestor
37
T/F: Primitive traits are NOT informative
TRUE!
38
T/F: derived traits ARE informative
True
39
cladogram
branching diagram showing the evolutionary relationship between taxa
40
clade
natural evolutionary lineage that includes the most recent common ancestor and all and only its descendants
41
a clade forms a _______
monophyly
42
monophyly
a complete clade that consists of the most recent common ancestor and ALL of its descendants
43
paraphyly
an incomplete clade that includes the most recent common ancestor but NOT all of its descendants
44
what is an example of paraphyly?
"fishes" sarcopterygian fishes gave rise to tetrapods(amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds
45
polyphyly
an artificial clade composed of unrelated organisms descended from more than one ancestor (containing misleading convergent or homoplastic traits)
46
sister taxa:
groups of organisms that share an immediate common ancestor and hence are each other's closest relatives
47
crown group
includes the most recent common ancestor of all living taxa of a particular group(plus any extinct descendants)
48
stem group
includes extinct taxa related to but not part of the crown group
49
total group
includes both the crown group and the stem groups
50
stem mammals
those taxa in lineages leading to but derived before the mammalian crown group (includes pelycosaurs, gorgonopsids, and cynodonts)
51
protomammals
Went extinct but gave rise to all living mammals today
52
isometric growth
All structures of an organism have the same rate of growth so that its shape is consistent throughout ontogeny
53
allometric growth
certain structures of an organism have differential rate of growth in an individual throughout history
54
as a species increases in size, its ______ and ______ _____ do not increase at the same rate.
volume, surface area
55
T/F: volume and amass increase faster than the surface area with an increase in overall size, thus supportive bone must become more robust
TRUE
56
Because volume and mass increase disproportionately with surface area, larger organisms must have _______ _________ to allow for adequate ________ _________.
morphological specializations, physiological exchange
57
heterochrony
evolutionary change in the timing or rate of developmental events in the descendent species when compared to ancestral condition, leads to changes in size and shape
58
paedomorphosis
juvenile characters of ancestors appear in adults of descendants
59
progenesis
acceleration of reproductive development relative to somatic development when compared to ancestral condition
60
neoteny
slowing down of somatic development relative to reproductive development when compared to the ancestral condition
61
peramorphosis
adult somatic characters of descendants are exaggerated in shape when compared to that of ancestors
62
acceleration
rate of development of a somatic structure increased compared to the ancestral condition
63
hypermorphysis
offset in the developing somatic structure is delayed compared to the ancestral condition

Comparative anatomy (3 decks)

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