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RTCA253 Exposures > Processing the latent image > Flashcards

Processing the latent image Flashcards

test 1 review part 2

1
Q

steps of manual processing

A

1) films immersed in a developer for 5 minutes
2) then immersed in a stop bath tank
3) followed by immersion in a fixing solution
4) then washed in running water and hung to drip dry

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2
Q

How long did the manual process take in order for for image to be fully dry and ready to read?

A

1 hour

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3
Q

First available automatic processing was by _____ in _____. how many films was it able to process for an hour? How long was the total cycle time?

A

pako, 1942
120 films per an hour
total cycle time- 40min

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4
Q

The first roller transport system was available in ____. how long was the system and how long did it take to process a radiograph?

A

1956

10 ft long and it took 6 minutes

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5
Q

90 second rapid processor was available in ____.

A

1965 by eastman kodak

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6
Q

Purpose of the developer

A

to change silver ions of the exposed crystals into metallic silver

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7
Q

Hydroquinone

A

DEVELOPER, slowly reduces silver, blackest shades (part of developer)

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8
Q

Phenidone

A

DEVELOPER rapidly reduces silver, lighter shades of gray, enhances fine detail (part of developer)

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9
Q

Sodium Carbonate

A

ACTIVATOR, helps swell gelatin; produces alkalinity; controls pH (concentration of hydrogen) (part of developer)

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10
Q

Buffering agents

A

sodium carbonate and sodium hydroxide; controls pH; caustic (burns skin) alkali compound (part of developer)

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11
Q

Restrainer agents

A

Potassium bromide and Potassium Iodide; anti fog agent; protects unexposed crystals from chemicals “attack” (part of developer)

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12
Q

Sodium Sulfite

A

PRESERVATIVE; controls oxidation; maintains balance among developer components (part of developer)

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13
Q

Glutaraldehyde

A

HARDENER; tanning agent; controls emulsion swelling and enhances archival quality (part of developer)

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14
Q

Chelates

A

SEQUESTERING AGENT; removes metallic impurities; stabilizes developing agent (part of developer)

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15
Q

If film comes out damp it is a depletion of ________ in the solution

A

Glutaraldehyde

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16
Q

It takes _____ of fixer to contaminate the developer

A

0.1%

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17
Q

Water

A

SOLVENT; dissolves chemicals for use (part of developer)

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18
Q

ACTIVATOR; neutralizes the developer and stops its action (part of fixer)

A

Acetic Acid

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19
Q

FIXING AGENT; removes undeveloped silver bromine from emulsion (part of fixer)

A

Ammonium thiosulfate aka hypoagent or clearing agent

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20
Q

Milky appearance means ________ _______

A

incomplete fixing

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21
Q

Image discolors to brown

A

Hypo retention

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22
Q

HARDENER; stiffens and shrinks emulsion; ensure proper transport (part of fixer)

A

Potassium alum

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23
Q

PRESERVATIVE; maintains chemical balance (part of fixer)

A

sodium sulfide

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24
Q

BUFFER; maintains proper pH (part of fixer)

A

Acetate

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25
Q

SOLVENT; dissolves other components (part of fixer)

A

water

26
Q

Developing process- Reduction

A

electron is given up to neutralize a positive ion

27
Q

Developing process-oxidation

A

produces electron

28
Q

Developing process- Redox action

A

reduction and oxidation occurs simultaneously

29
Q

Since air oxides the chemicals as the level of chemicals reduce, what can be done to control oxidation?

A

Putting foam balls to control levels

30
Q

development process can be affected by _____ _____ and ______.

A

time, temperature, and concentration

31
Q

contamination

A

destroys ability of the reducing agents; low contrast, extremely gray

32
Q

most common cause of contamination

A

splashing fixer into the developer tank

33
Q

fixing process

A

removes unexposed and undeveloped crystals from the emulsion

34
Q

what is the temperature range for the dryer?

A

120 to 150 degrees F

35
Q

How long is the dry to drop time?

A

90 seconds

36
Q

transport system includes:

A

feed tray, entrance rollers, turnaround assembly, crossover rack

37
Q

Developer temperature is maintained at

A

95F or 33-35C

38
Q

wash water is how many degrees less than the developer?

A

3 or 5 degrees F

39
Q

volume based replenishment system

A

based on the usage when replenished

40
Q

flood based replenishment system

A

low volume settings, floods the tank and then settles them back out

41
Q

what side of the film should always be against the side rail?

A

shorter side

42
Q

purpose of dryer system

A

extracts all residual moisture from the finished radio graph
picks up particles that can cause artifacts if it is left damp
room air low in humidity and free of dust

43
Q

purpose of Agitation

A

continually mix processing chemicals, maintains constant temperature, aid exposure of emulsion to chemicals

44
Q

Rapid processing

A

30 seconds, more concentrated chemicals, higher developer and fixer temperatures
used in angiography, special procedures surgery or ED

45
Q

Extended processing

A

mammography, 3 minute processing time, patient does is lower

46
Q

Daylight processing

A

disappearing darkrooms,

  • insert cassette into processor and film is automatically extracted
  • Reloaded with unexposed film and then is released by the system
47
Q

Dry processing

A

use without wet chemistry

48
Q

Two other types of alternating processing methods

A

photothermographic (PTG) and Thermographic (TG)

49
Q

entrance of darkroom

A

single door, interlocking doors or a revolving doors

50
Q

dark room disease

A

from the chemicals

51
Q

photographic industry consumes ____% of worldwide

A

30

52
Q

how much of the purchased price of film can be recovered.

A

10%

53
Q

________ million more ounces of silver are consumed than produced

A

120

54
Q

bans placing toxic substances in public waterways and sewer systems

A

water control act of 1972

55
Q

requires that available devices must be used to remove toxic substances from waste water

A

resource conservation/ hazardous waste act of 1976

56
Q

requires the best available methods be used to remove toxic substances from waste water

A

clean control act of 1984

57
Q

contains many guidelines affecting film processing affecting film processing and silver recovery methods

A

resource conservation and recovery act of 1987

58
Q

requires the best available devices must be used to remove toxic substances from waste water

A

clean water act of 1984

59
Q

contains many guidelines affecting film processing and silver recovery

A

resource conservation and recovery act of 1987

60
Q

metallic replacement method

A

simplest and least expensive method
most widely used
little maintenance
95% of recoverable silver is removed

61
Q

disadvantages of metallic replacement method

A

not as efficient, form of silver sludge, unit replaced upon each expenditure in recovery process,

RTCA253 Exposures (6 decks)

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