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FILM-SCREEN LAB > PROCESSING OF LATENT IMAGE > Flashcards

PROCESSING OF LATENT IMAGE Flashcards

1
Q

What are the systems of film processing?

A

manual
automatic
daylight

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2
Q

What are the chemical components of processing the latent image?

A

Developer
Rinsing
Fixer

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3
Q

What are the protective measures when mixing solutions

A

Wear a mask
Waer nitrile gloves
Wear protective glasses

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of image processing?

A

Manual and Automatic

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5
Q

This type of processing is used for the advantage of a longer archival property

A

Manual processing

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6
Q

What are the results of manual processing?

A

Inconsistency and creation of wet mess

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7
Q

Another name for manual processing

A

Hand Processing

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8
Q

Required time and space for manual processing

A

requires 1 hour and excessive amounts of space

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9
Q

Sequence of events in the processing (IN ORDER)

A 
Wetting
Developing 
Rinsing
Fixing 
Washing
Drying
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10
Q

This swells the emulsion to permit subsequent chemical penetration

A

Wetting

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11
Q

Required time for wetting in the manual and automatic processing?

A

M - 15 secs

A - none

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12
Q

This process produces a visible image from the latent image

A

Developing

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13
Q

Required time for developing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

M - 5 mins

A - 22 secs

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14
Q

This stops the development process and removes the excess development from the film

A

Rinsing

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15
Q

2 kinds of rinsing

A

Stop bath and Watery

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16
Q

In the stop bath, _______ solution of ______ is mathematical neutralizes the developer

A

1%, acetic acid

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17
Q

This relies on water to rinse & remove excess developer

A

Water bath

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18
Q

Required time for stop bath and water bath in the manual and automatic processing?

A

Stop bath: 30 secs (M) and none (A)

Water bath: 30 secs (M) and none (A)

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19
Q

What is fixing?

A

It removes the unexposed and underdeveloped silver halide crystals from the film emulsion and also hardens the gelatin

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20
Q

Required time for fixing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

10 mins (M) and 22 secs (A)

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21
Q

What’s the purpose of washing?

A

Removes residual from the emulsion surface and excess chemicals unwanted to the film

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22
Q

Required time for washing in the manual and automatic processing?

A

20 mins (M) and 20 secs (A)

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23
Q

Purpose of drying

A

Removes water and prepares radiograph for viewing

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24
Q

Required time for drying in the manual and automatic processing?

A

30 mins (M) and 26 secs (A)

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25
Q

This prepares the film for viewing and storage

A

drying

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26
Q

2 ways of drying a film

A

By electric drier/exposure to room air

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27
Q

What is the total time to process one film during manual processing?

A

65 m and 30 secs

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28
Q

this softens the gelatin and develops the latent image

A

developer

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29
Q

2 chemicals under the developing agent and their functions

A

Phenidone - produces shades of grey

Hydroquinone - produces shades of black

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30
Q

Another name of developing agent

A

reducing agent

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31
Q

This helps swell gelatin and it produces alkalinity controls pH

A

Activator

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32
Q

Chemical/s under the activator

A

Sodium Carbonate

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33
Q

Another name for activator

A

accelerator

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34
Q

This is an ani-fog agent and protects unexposed crystals from chemical

A

Restrainer

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35
Q

Chemical/s under restrainer

A

Potassium Bromide and Potassium Iodide

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36
Q

This controls the oxidation; it maintains balance among developer components

A

preservative

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37
Q

Chemicals under preservative

A

sodium sulfite

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38
Q

This controls the emulsion swelling and enhances archival property

A

hardener

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39
Q

Chemical/s under hardener

A

glutaraldehyde

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40
Q

This removes metallic impurities and stabilizes the developing agent

A

sequestering agent

41
Q

Chemical/s under sequestering agent

A

chelates

42
Q

This dissolves the chemicals for use

A

Solvent

43
Q

Chemical/s under solvent

A

water

44
Q

This neutralizes the developer and stops its action; it also buffers the solution

A

activator (fixer)

45
Q

Another name for activator

A

acidifier

46
Q

Chemical/s under activator

A

acetic acid

47
Q

This removes the undeveloped silver bromine from the emulsion to prevent further blackening

A

Fixing agent

48
Q

Another word for fixing agent

A

clearing agent

49
Q

Chemical/s under fixing agent

A

Ammonium thiosulfate and Sodium thiosulfate

50
Q

This stiffens and shrinks the emulsion

A

Hardener (fixer)

51
Q

Chemical/s under the hardener

A

Potassium Alum
Aluminum Chloride
Chromium Alum

52
Q

This maintains a chemical balance and is used to prevent deterioration of the clearing agent

A

Preservative (fixer)

53
Q

Chemical/s under preservative

A

Sodium sulfite

54
Q

This maintains proper pH

A

Buffer

55
Q

Chemical/s under buffer

A

Acetate

56
Q

This removes the aluminum ions

A

Sequestering agent (fixer)

57
Q

Chemical/s under the fixer sequestering agent

A

Boric acids and salts

58
Q

This dissolves other components

A

solvent (fixer)

59
Q

Chemical/s under fixer solvent

A

water

60
Q

another term for automatic processing

A

dry-to-dry processing

61
Q

When was the automatic processor first made available?

A

The 1950s

62
Q

Who made/designed the first unit of an Automatic processor?

A

Eastman Kodak Company

63
Q

The first unit of automatic processor required a time of ______ in processing films

A

excess of 7 minutes

64
Q

Today, the processing times are reduced to as little as _____

A

45 seconds

65
Q

What are the 5 principal components of an automatic processor

A 
Transport
Recirculation
Replenishment
Wash
Dryer
66
Q

This moves the film through the
processor through a series
of rollers

A

Transport system

67
Q

What are the different parts of the transport system?

A

Roller, Transport racks, drive motor

68
Q

What are the two subsystems of the transport system?

A

Turn-around system

Cross-over system

69
Q

Difference between turn-over and cross-over systems?

A

T: turns the film around the bottom of the tanks

C: located at the top of the tank; allows the film to be moved to the next tank

70
Q

These are special devices that guide the

film to change direction. These are also curved devices with small ridges that may cause a processing artifact

A

Guide shoes

71
Q

It squeezes the excess developer from the wet film

emulsion before it moves to the fixer solution

A

Squeegee Assembly

72
Q

What is the speed at which the film must move through the processor?

A

The speed must remain constant

73
Q

This agitates the solution and helps maintain the temperature

A

Transport system

74
Q

Its purpose is to provide continuous mixing of

the chemicals

A

Recirculation system

75
Q

Parts of the recirculation system

A

Filter
Thermostat
Heater

76
Q

This part of the recirculation system serves to remove debris and other substances that may fall into the tanks

A

Filter

77
Q

This is one of the key elements to the successful use of an automatic processor

A

Replenishment Rate

78
Q

What are the replenishment rates for a developer and fixer?

A

Developer 60-70 ml
Fixer 100-110 ml

for every 35 cm (14 inches) of the film

79
Q

Its function is a to add solutions to the developer and fixer tanks as each piece of x-ray film move through the system

A

Replenishment system

80
Q

It serves to maintain the volume and strength of

the solutions in the developer & fixer tanks

A

Replenishment system

81
Q

This activates the pump that sends replenisher solution into the tank as the film moves between the rollers of the transport system

A

Microswitch

82
Q

What are the subsystems of the replenishment system?

A

Over-replenishment
Slight under replenishment
Under replenishment
Adequate Replenishment

83
Q

It may result in a decrease in contrast and density on the film

A

Over-replenishment

84
Q

This can result in an increase in contrast

A

Slight under replenishment

85
Q

Contributes to a loss of both contrast and density

A

Under replenishment

86
Q

It keeps the chemical activity stable and helps

prevent tackiness of the film

A

Adequate replenishment

87
Q

It is necessary to remove excess chemicals to prevent deterioration of the film

A

Wash system

88
Q

The finished film must only contain _______

A

developed silver crystals

89
Q

Water flows around the chemical tanks to help ______

A

control the temperature

90
Q

It blows hot air across the surface of the film to enhance the drying of the surface

A

Dryer System

91
Q

Air temperature of the dryer

A

110 to 120°F

92
Q

Air is continually dried by a what?

A

dehumidifier

93
Q

Most of the dry hot air is ________, however, the dryer must be ______

A

recirculated, vented

94
Q

How do you maintain the processor unit in automatic processing?

A
  • Routine checks and cleaning of the transport rollers
  • Careful examination and adjustment of the guide shoes
  • Cleaning and replacing filters
95
Q

What are the daily maintenance procedures?

A
  • Temperature readings
  • Water flow
  • Drainage
  • Filters
  • Replenishment rate
  • Microswitch control
96
Q

It operates without the need for a conventional darkroom

A

Daylight Processing

97
Q

What kind of cassettes are used in daylight processing?

A

Special Cassettes

98
Q

What is the advantage of using daylight processing?

A

Removal, loading, and moving of film without interaction by staff personnel

99
Q

What is the disadvantage of using daylight processing?

A
  • Costly than a standard processor
  • Mechanical breakdowns
  • Artifacts caused by mechanical devices

FILM-SCREEN LAB (2 decks)

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