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2.4 Coasts and processes > Processes of erosion and transportation > Flashcards

Processes of erosion and transportation Flashcards

1
Q

Define marine erosion

A

processes that operate upon the coastline related to the sea

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2
Q

What are the 5 kinds of marine erosion

A

Attrition
Abrasion
Hydraulic action
Quarrying
Solution

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3
Q

What is attrition

A

when pieces of rock in water smash into each other to make smaller pieces

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4
Q

What is abrasion

A

when pieces of rock in water smash into rocks and cliffs, breaking pieces off

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5
Q

What is hydraulic action

A

Erosion due to the sheer force and energy of a wave, exerting enormous amounts of pressure on the rock. When he wave pulls away there is a drastic change in pressure

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6
Q

What is quarrying

A

When waves hit a rock they trap air. The wave compresses this air into any gap on the cliffs face, creating an enormous amount of pressure.

Once the wave pulls back, an explosive effect occurs as the air pressure is released

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7
Q

What is solution

A

When soluble rocks are dissolved by seawater

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8
Q

Define Sub-arial erosion

A

processes that operate upon the coastline not related to the sea

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9
Q

What are the 3 kinds of Sub-arial erosion

A

Freeze thaw weathering
Biological weathering
Chemical weathering

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10
Q

What is freeze thaw weathering

A

When water repeatedly freezes and melts in a rocks cracks. Water expands by 9% when it freezes, putting pressure on the rock and causing it to break off

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11
Q

What is Biological weathering

A

Weathering related to the surrounding wildlife such as paddock fish drilling into rock

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12
Q

What are the 4 types of chemical weathering

A

Oxidation
Hydration
Hydrolysis
Carbonation

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13
Q

What is chemical weathering

A

Weathering due to the lithology of a rock

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14
Q

What is oxidation

A

When oxygen dissolves in water, it reacts with rock minerals to form hydroxides, which effect iron rich rocks, turning them a copper colour

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15
Q

What is hydration

A

When water reacts with a rocks minerals, the rock expands causing stress. This causes cracks in the rocks.

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16
Q

What is hydrolysis

A

When mildly acidic water mixes with a rocks minerals, turning them into a clay like material, meaning they become eroded more easily

17
Q

What is carbonation

A

When Co2 enters the ocean it creates carbonic acid. This reacts with calcium carbonate in rocks to form calcium bi-carbonate, which dissolves easily in water. This can also be causes by sulphuric and nitric acids in acid rain

18
Q

What factors effect the rate at which a coastline is eroded

A

Geology of coastline
Coastal configuration (physical features)
Human activity
Type of waves

19
Q

What 3 geological factors effect the rate of erosion

A

Lithology
Strcuture
Concordant or Discordant

20
Q

How does lithology (chemical composition of a rock) effect erosion

A

Weak rocks - clay, sand, gravel

Strong rocks - Chalk, limestone, granite

21
Q

How does structure of a rock effect erosion

A

Stratas (layers)

Dips (angles) - horizontal are the steepest, and seaward sloping are more gentle

Faults (cracks)

22
Q

What’s the difference between concordant and discordant coastlines

A

Concordant are parallel to the coastline and steep
Discordant are perpendicular to the coastline and flat

23
Q

What are the 2 types of erosion

A

Marine erosion
Sub-aerial erosion (weathering)

24
Q

What are the 3 types of transportation

A

Mass movement
Marine transportation
Sub-aerial transportation

25
Q

What is transportation

A

transportation is the movement of sediment

26
Q

What is mass movement

A

the downslope shifting of unconsolidated material caused by through flow and runoff

27
Q

What are the 5 types of mass movement

A

Slumping
Mudslide
Landslide
Rockfall
Soil creep

28
Q

How do landslides occur

A

When the top layer of earth slides beneath the bottom layer due to saturation

29
Q

How to mudflows occur

A

When fine materials become saturated and flow down a slope

30
Q

How does slumping occur

A

When soft weak rock along a curved surface becomes saturated and slumps towards the sea

31
Q

How does soil creep occur

A

When soil particles become saturated, they expand and are lifted away from the slope at a right angle. Gravity pulls these particles back down, causing a slow downward movement

32
Q

What are the 4 kinds of marine transportation

A

Traction
Saltation
Suspension
Solution (dissolved material)

33
Q

What is traction

A

When large boulders and rocks are pushed along by water

34
Q

What is saltation

A

When small stones bounce along the sea bed or when the wind is strong enough to pick up and carry small particles of sand

35
Q

What is suspension

A

When small particles are carried by water

36
Q

How does longshore drift occur

A

Swash carries sediment up the beach, parallel to the prevailing wind. Backwash carries the sediment down the beach at right angles to the shoreline. When there is an angle between the prevailing wind and shoreline, sediment is moved

2.4 Coasts and processes (10 decks)

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