Process Utilities, Distillation Flashcards
Provides essentials such as water, steam, compressed air, nitrogen, other gases, fuel gas and electricity
Primary application
Types of water (10)
Raw water
Fire water
Treated water
Potable water
Boiler feed water
Cooling water
Process water
Wastewater
Process sewer
Storm sewer
Can be used as a driver for equipment
Provide heat to heat exchanger
Steam
A liquid as a result from cool or condensed vapor
Condensate
Pure a valuable source of water in process facility
Requires minimal treatment
Condensate
Used in power tools and equipment operate instruments and process materials
Compressed air
Types of compressed air
Utility Air ( Plant Air)
Instrument air
Utility Air is used for what
To power tools and general use
Instrument air is used for what
To control instrumentation
To clean and dry purge air
Provides air supply to personal working in oxygen deficient or high particulate environments
Breathing air
Inert (non reactive) gas
Nitrogen
Nitrogen can be used to do what
To purge or remove explosive gases
Be a back up for instrument air
Use as a blanket or gas for storage tanks
Gas used to operate fired equipment
Fuel gas
Can be used as a blanket gas
Can be used as supply for a pilot light
Fuel gas
Provides operating power by a variety of sources
Electricity
Types of things electricity can be used for
Power generation
Steam
Cogeneration
Diesel gas generators
Emergency or portable generators
Battery systems
Seperating a liquid mixture using different boiling points of each component
Distillation
What does distillation uses
Uses heat pressure and boiling points
Columns uses either trays or packing
Proportion of the distillate that has a particular boiling point different from others
Fraction
Common distillation components
Tower/ column
Pre-heater
Trays
Condenser
Reboiler
The three towers sections
Flash Zone
Rectifying section
Stripping section
Entry point or feed tray
Flash Zone
Section above the feed tray
Rectifying section
Section below the feed tray
Stripping section
Provide contact points between liquid and vapor
Distillation trays
How distillation trays work
Liquid flows across tray and down tower
Vapor flows up through holes in tray
Liquid level is maintained using a weir
Liquid is routed tray to tray by the downcomer
Most common trays
Sieve
Valve
Bubble cap
Small holes in the tray deck
Sieve
Contains valve lifters
Valve tray
Risers with slotted caps on top
Bubble cap trays
The tray located right below the feed line
Feed tray
How distillation works
Feed comes into process unit
Feed is heated
Heat vaporizes all volatile compounds
Vapor and liquid fed into the distillation column
Hot vapor passes up the column
Cooler liquids pass down the column
Contact between vapor and the liquid occurs on each tray
Filled with specialized packing instead of trays used in distillation column to maximize the contact surface area
Packed towers
What are packed towers used for
Striping
Condensing
Drying
Absorption
Piping that transfers oil from the tank to the heater to the process equipment and back again
Oil circulation system
Devices configured to measure, control and indicate flow, temperature, level, pressure and analytical data
Instrumentation
Five most common Process variables
Pressure, temperature, level, flow and analytical
Force exerted on surface divided by it’s area (PSI)
Pressure
Difference between pressure measurements taken at two separate points
Differential pressure
Specific degree of heat or cold as indicated of reference scale
Temperature
Difference between temperature measurements taken at two separate points
Differential Temperature
Position of height or depth along a vertical axis
Level
Quantity of fluid that moves across a specific point within a given time
Flow
Measurement of chemical or physical properties of a substance
Analytical variables
What 3 ways can process control instrumentation be categorized
Location
Function
Power source
Equipment that moves oil through the circulation and heating systems
Oil pump
Used to remove CO2 or other gases from a gas stream
Amine system
System that uses motive gas to make small solid particulates move like liquid
Fluidized bed system
System used when a inert gas is needed
Nitrogen header system
Quality practice with the objective of reducing defects which will increase profits
Zero defects
Uses mathematical laws dealing with probability or how often certain events could occur under certain conditions
SPC (Statistical Process Control)
Two types of SPC used
Attributes
Variables
SPC data analyzers
Control chart Flow chart Cause and effect diagrams Pareto charts Histograms
Secondary supports systems used in daily operations of a process facility
Process auxiliary systems
Four most common types of process auxiliary systems
Flare systems
Refrigeration
Lubrication
Hot oil system
Devices that burn off unwanted process gases before being released to the atmosphere
Flare systems
Used to cool feed and or a product
Refrigeration systems
Substance used to reduce friction between two contact surfaces
Lubricants
Uses an organic or synthetic oil product as a heat transfer
Hot oil system
Separates liquids from vapors being sent to the flare
Knock out drum
What ignite the vapors
Pilot light
Helps create drafts, reduce smoke, and protect flare tip from the heat of the flame
Steam ring
