procedures and pharmacology

Question 1

alanine transaminase (ALT)

aspartate transaminase (AST)

Answer 1

blood test for enzyme normally present in the blood; blood levels are increased in persons with liver disease

Question 2

fecal occult blood test (FOBT)

Answer 2

test on feces to determine if microscopic amounts of blood are present; also called hemoccult or stool guaiac

Question 3

H. pylori antibody test

Answer 3

test used to diagnose H. pylori infection that may be associated with peptic ulcer disease; may be performed on stool, breath, or tissue sample

Question 4

ova and parasites (O&P)

Answer 4

examination of feces with a microscope for presence of parasites or their eggs

Question 5

serum bilirubin

Answer 5

blood test to determine amount of waste product bilirubin in bloodstream; elevated levels indicate liver disease

Question 6

stool culture

Answer 6

test of feces to determine if bacterial infection is present; fecal sample is placed on growth medium and any growth is examined to identify bacteria

Question 7

tissue transglutaminase (tTG) antibody test

Answer 7

blood test for celiac disease; tests for presence of tissue transglutaminase antibodies formed in auto immune response to gluten

Question 8

bitewing x-ray

Answer 8

A dental x-ray taken with part of film holder held between the teeth and parallel to the teeth

Question 9

intravenous cholecystography

Answer 9

process of recording, gallbladder and bile ducts after injecting intravenously; allows for x-ray visualization of gallbladder and bile ducts; x-ray record produced is cholecystogram

Question 10

lower gastrointestinal series

Answer 10

x-ray image of colon and rectum taken after inserting (Ba), a radiopaque, dye, into rectum and colon by enema; also called barium enema (BE, BaE)

Question 11

panoramic x-ray

Answer 11

A dental x-ray that captures the entire mouth in a single image

Question 12

percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography

Answer 12

process of recording the bile docs after injecting contrast, medium directly into the liver; used to detect obstructions such as gallstones in common bile duct

Question 13

upper gastrointestinal (UGI) series

Answer 13

Process of recording, esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; after patient drinks liquid barium mixture, x-rays are taken to visualize esophagus, stomach, and duodenum; also called barium swallow

Question 14

Colonoscopy

Answer 14

process of visually examining colon; flexible fiberscope called colonoscope is passed through anus, rectum, and colon; used to examine upper portion of the colon; polyps and small growths can be removed during this procedure

Question 15

endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

Answer 15

process of visually examining hepatic duct, common bile, duct, and pancreatic duct; flexible endoscope is passed through patient’s mouth, esophagus, and stomach until it reaches the duodenum, where the pancreatic and common bile ducts empty; then then catheter is passed through endoscope and into ducts; contrast dye is then used to visualize these ducts on x-ray

Question 16

esophagogastroduodenoscopy

Answer 16

process of visually examining esophagus, stomach, and beginning of the duodenum; flexible fiberoptic endoscope is passed through the mouth and into esophagus

Question 17

gastroscopy

Answer 17

process of visually examining interior of stomach; flexible gastroscope is past through the mouth and down the esophagus in order to view inside the stomach; used to diagnose peptic ulcers and gastric carcinoma

Question 18

laparoscopy

Answer 18

process of visually examining interior of abdomen; instrument called laparoscope is passed through small incision in abdominal wall; abdominal cavity is then visually examined for tumors and other conditions; also called peritoneoscopy

Question 19

sigmoidoscopy

Answer 19

process of visually examining the sigmoid colon using flexible sigmoidoscope; commonly done to diagnose cancer and polyps

Question 20

body mass index (BMI)

Answer 20

method of determining if person’s weight is (neither under nor overweight); calculated by dividing person‘s weight in kilograms by height in square meters; there are many online calculators; BMI below 18.5 is underweight, 18.5 to 24.9 is healthy, 25.0 to 29.9 is overweight, 30.0 to 39.9 is obese, and over 40 is morbidly obese

Question 21

paracentesis

Answer 21

process of inserting needle into abdominal cavity to remove fluid; tests to diagnose disease diseases may be conducted on the fluid

Question 22

bridge

Answer 22

dental appliance to replace missing teeth; attached to adjacent teeth for support

Question 23

crown

Answer 23

artificial covering for a tooth that is created to replace original enamel covering of the tooth

Question 24

Denture

Answer 24

partial or complete set of artificial teeth that are sent in plastic materials; act as sub substitute for natural teeth and related structures

Question 25

gingivectomy

Answer 25

surgical removal of gum tissue that has pulled away from the teeth and mainly to periodontal disease

Question 26

extraction

Answer 26

removing or pulling out teeth

Question 27

implant

Answer 27

prosthetic device placed in the jaw to which tooth or denture may be anchored

Question 28

Root canal

Answer 28

dental treatment involving pulp cavity of the root of a tooth; procedure is used to save a tooth as badly infected or abscessed

Question 29

enema

Answer 29

injecting fluid through the rectum and into the large intestine or purpose of cleansing, bowel for testing, treating constipation, or administering drugs

Question 30

gavage

Answer 30

using nasogastric (NG) tube to place liquid nourishment directly into the stomach

Question 31

lavage

Answer 31

using nasogastric (NG) two to wash out the stomach, for example, after ingestion of dangerous substances

Question 32

nasogastric intubation (NG tube)

Answer 32

inserting flexible catheter into the nose and down the esophagus in the stomach; may be used for feeding or to suction out stomach fluids

Question 33

total parenteral nutrition (TPN)

Answer 33

Providing 100% of patient’s nutrition intravenously; used when patient is unable to eat

Question 34

anastomosis

Answer 34

surgical creation of connection between two organs or vessels; for example, joining together two cut ends of the intestines after a section is removed

Question 35

appendectomy

Answer 35

Surgical removal of the appendix

Question 36

Bariatric surgery

Answer 36

Group of surgical procedures designed to treat morbid obesity by reducing size of the stomach or diverting food from passing through a portion of the alimentary canal

Question 37

cholecystectomy

Answer 37

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

Question 38

choledocholithotripsy

Answer 38

Surgical crushing of gallstone in the common bile duct

Question 39

colectomy

Answer 39

surgical removal of the colon

Question 40

colostomy

Answer 40

surgical creation of opening (called stoma) through the abdominal wall into the colon; fecal material drains into a bag worn on the abdomen

Question 41

diverticulectomy

Answer 41

surgical removal of a diverticulum (outpouching)

Question 42

exploratory laparotomy

Answer 42

cutting into abdomen for purpose of examining abdominal organs and tissues for signs of disease or other abnormalities

Question 43

fistulectomy

Answer 43

Surgical removal of an anal fistula

Question 44

gastric banding

Answer 44

laparoscopic bariatric surgical procedure that place restrictive band (commonly called lap band) around top portion of the stomach; leads to eating smaller meals and less food by reducing ability of the stomach to expand and hold food

Question 45

gastric bypass

Answer 45

bariatric surgical procedures that divides systemic into smaller upper portion and lower larger portion; small intestine is then connected to small upper portion; food bypasses most of the stomach and duodenum; small stomach severely limits amount of food, eating and bypassing. The duodenum reduces fat absorption.