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collocations > problems and society > Flashcards

problems and society Flashcards

1
Q

laws and regulations collocation

A

pass laws
comply with laws
introduce/bring in regulations, conform to safety regulations, penalties for failure to comply with the regulations

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2
Q

standardise colloc

A

standardise procedures/processes/systems
adhere to standards

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3
Q

the condition of being morally and legally bound to do sth colloc

A

have an obligation to
be under(no) an obligations to, a legal/moral obligation
impose/place/fulfil/meet financial/contractual obligations
fulfil professional obligations
take sb in solely out of a sense of obligation
the law imposes certain obligations on public authorities
failure to meet contractual obligations may result in legal action
have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives adequate education
settle contractual disputes, contractual commitments/duties

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4
Q

when you estimate sth

A

carry out a risk assessment with a view to minimise danger to employees
conduct an annual assessment if, initial/preliminary/thorough assessment
make an assessment of the situation
assessment criteria
evaluate impact/performance/effectiveness on appraise performance
in cooperation with appraise the needs of

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5
Q

when you break law

A

in breach of the law
infringe the regulations relating to
widespread surveillance infringes on personal liberties, infringe on privacy
flout the rules/traditions/convention

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6
Q

agreement colloc

A

arrive at an agreement
reach an agreement

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7
Q

permission colloc

A

seek/obtain permission
be granted/given permission

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8
Q

important

A

absolutely essential
of vital/paramount importance, it is vital to, The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood., it is vitally important that, depend vitally on government subsidies ; vitally alive
overriding concern.consideration
it is imperative that standards are maintained

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9
Q

laws and rules collectively

A

introduce new legislation

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10
Q

take a tougher line

A

tighten controls/rules
central government has tightened control over local authority spending

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11
Q

… an application

A

put in

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12
Q

same and boring

A

faceless bureaucrats

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13
Q

authority colloc

A

be in a position of considerable authority
exercise authority/greater control over

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14
Q

unnecessary processes and rules

A

red tape
cut through the red tape
hampered by red tape
excessive red tape

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15
Q

the usual way of doing sth

A

convention
defy/flout/break with convention
convention dictates that
hold annual party convention, sign/ratify a convention
- defy teachers/parents/the majority decision/the laws
defy belief/description/explanation
defy sb to do sth

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16
Q

increase in size

A

swell
swell up
swell its ranks

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17
Q

very valuable-

A

invaluable experience/advice
prove invaluable to/for
invaluable asset/contribution/resource

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18
Q

waste colloc and key phrases

A

disposal of household waste is daunting task for local authorities
dump waste
toxic chemicals/waste to be dumped into the river
household waste contains many materials and substances which are extremely harmful to the environment and authorities need long-term, solutions
toxic waste

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19
Q

unhappy

A

down in the dumps

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20
Q

environment colloc

A

conserve/preserve/protect the environment
concern abt the environment, damage/destroy/harm the environment, a risk/pose a serious threat to the environment
business/commercial/retail environment, office/workplace, evaluate the impact of pesticides of the environment
chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the env.
avert an environmental catastrophe on a global scale
tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental problems
env. issues/concern/challenges/effect/impact/science/technology/cleanup

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21
Q

use sth again

A

recycle
recycle waste/goods
plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products

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22
Q

the health of the population as a whole

A

public health
a risk to public health

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23
Q

list some of the consequences of the climate change

A

climate change is the most urgent issue facing us today
the changing weather patterns, searing heat, soar temperatures, suffer a widespread flooding on a regular basis
inevitably have a detrimental impact on biodiversity
dire consequences, in the face of irreversible climate change, oil supplies will run dry(run out)
quest for wealth/riches
generate the refuse
CO2 plays a critical role in maintaining the balance in the Earth’s atmosphere and the air that we breathe, however/notwithstanding, excessive amounts of CO2 present in the atmosphere are detrimental to the environment
grasp the magnitude of the problem
dwindling funds/population/resources, severely depleted stocks, cash and carry outlets rely on a rapid turnover of stock, replenish stock of wine, turnover of stock
a drastic decline/drop/reduction in
shrinking habitats pose a threat to biodiversity, in terms of both plants and animals, and endangered species will require legal protection if they’re to survive
CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are contributing to the greenhouse effect; In addition, rapid population growth exerts severe pressure on finite resources, and the ecological balance may be upset by uncontrolled deforestation
demographic projections suggest the world population will continue to grow exponentially, putting extra pressure on depleting resources
safe water may become an increasingly precious commodity, leading to issues of water security
pervasive feeling of doom and gloom
Our high living standards cause our current population to consume 25 percent of the world’s oil.
Most of their manufactured products are consumed domestically.
The software consumes huge amounts of internet bandwidth.( be consumed by/with)
profound effect on, bring about profound changes, profound implications(profound truths/wisdoms)

coral reefs form some of the world’s most productive and fascinating ecosystems, providing complex and varied marine habitats that support a wide range of other organismsA`

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24
Q

tackle climate change

A

recycle waste/products- plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products
tough measures to tackle road congestion and env. pollution
reduce carbon footprint
in the face of irreversible climate change, call for urgent action on climate change, climate change talks/summit, a climate change sceptic
reduce food miles by buying/purchasing local produce
offset carbon emissions, offset long-haul flights, purchase an offset when booking flights
vehicle emissions
hybrid cars, develop alternative energy sources, solar heating/panels/cells, harness solar energy,
construct offshore wind farms
renewable energy, green taxes and incentives to encourage eco-friendly design in architecture
it’s absolutely vital that everyone plays their part in combating climate change
many of the Earth’s crises are chronic and inexorably linked
chronic disease/pain/shortage of/economic problems, the inexorable progress of science
the air is polluted by emissions produced by…
grasp the magnitude/significance/importance of
explore alternative energy sources
disposable plates/razors/syringe/high-tech gadget
the market no longer offers disposable plastic bags at checkout
replace imported oil with biofuels produced from homegrown materials
efforts to promote the use of biodiesel, distributed at filling stations nationally
clearly, many hurdles stand in the way of making such biofuels commercially viable
it is problematic to forecast whether powering our vehicles with crop derivatives will ever be a truly economic proposition
nevertheless, it is not too early to ponder what impact the widespread adoption of biofuel would have on our environment
consequently, the burden on freshwater supplies and the general disruption that would accompany such a switch in fuel sources would be immense
wean oneself off petroleum fuels
cultivation of oil palms demands a tropical climate, and its large-scale production is a significant factor in the ongoing destruction
dire threat to the dwindling population of
the advantage of efficient technology and low-cost feedstock;
widely recognised as having the potential to meet the demands of a biodiesel-based transportation fleet without devastating the natural habitats/landscape
treat the vast/huge quantities of nutrient\laden water which runs off from adjacent farm land
view prospect as dim,
take drastic action/measures/steps, drastic changes/cuts
adopt a policy of sustainable development
conserve a finite reserve of fossil fuel that should be conserved

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25
Q

increase and be high

A

soar
house prices soar
sales are soaring

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26
Q

counteract

A

be offset by , offset against tax
profits and losses on each investment tend to offset each other

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27
Q

improvement or development of sth

A

advance
- the advances made by humans have made us the dominant species on our planet; recent advances in the medical field, the advance of floodwaters, represent a major advance in, the advance of the digital age, economic/technological advance, be engaged in the task of restraining the advance of the pound/dollar
- to advance career/position; to advance greatly in knowledge, considerably advance, to advance the cause of
- early = provide advance notice, advance warning, advance payment, to pay an advance
- in advance

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28
Q

the greatest

A

the dominant issue/market share
merit careful consideration
for a small consideration- a sum of money

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29
Q

unparalleled

A

unprecedented
however, several eminent scientist are concerned that our way of life is putting an unprecedented strain on the Earth’s ecosystems and threatening our future as a species
witness environmental destruction on an environmental scale, reach an unprecedented level, take the unprecedented step of, on an unprecedented /unparalleled scale

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30
Q

demanding and hard

A

taxing
we’re confronting environmental problems that are more taxing than ever before, some of which seemingly insoluble
insoluble- insurmountable
we must face the fact that some problems are insoluble
insurmountable difficulties/problems/obstacles/tasks

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31
Q

base on sth

A

premise
premise your argument on several incorrect assumptions; calculation is premised on the idea that

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32
Q

emissions colloc

A

cut/limit/reduce emissions, emission reductions
hybrid vehicles significantly reduce the emission of pollutants
hybrid vehicles reduce the emissions of pollutants

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33
Q

use up

A

exhaust a supply/resources/stock/every possibility/option/reserves
car exhaust
through acid rain and greenhouse gases exhaust fumes can have a devastating impact in our climate

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34
Q

when soil erodes

A

soil/coastal erosion: the survey reveals a gradual erosion of support, price/jobs erosion
the soil is contaminated by factories and power stations which deposit heavy metals in the soil; other human activities such as intensive farming and agriculture take their toll on the quality of the soil; deforestation has been linked with soil erosion

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35
Q

new and untouched

A

pristine
pristine condition

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36
Q

unaffected

A

immune
become immune to sth

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37
Q

prevalent

A

pervasive
pervasive influence, all-pervasive corruption

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38
Q

do you prefer living in the city or in the countryside?why?

A

useful phrases:(city)
in the bustling centre you can enjoy high-quality urban living, with reliable public transport
crowded streets, hectic pace of life, hail a taxi
extensive grounds/repairs/knowledge/coverage/plans
(countryside)
rustic charm of life in the back of beyond, the unblemished charm of rustic life has been a perennial source of inspiration
in the back of beyond
a rural/pastoral idyll
an economic backwater, a quiet backwater in the middle of nowhere
unspoilt /surrounding countryside, flock to the countryside , unspoilt and pristine beaches
a rural/ a bleak urban landscape, a barren/rugged landscape
a mountain/fishing village, Many people come from the outlying/surrounding villages to work in the town.
Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential.

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39
Q

busy

A

hectic
a hectic schedule/day/week/lifestyle/growth/expansion

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40
Q

stiff/fixed

A

rigid
a rigid steel and concrete structure
be rigid with fear
bored rigid

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41
Q

improve life in inner city

A

urban regeneration/decay/development/centre/community/area/sprawl
the high-speed train link is responsible for one of the biggest urban regeneration projects in the area
the council is committed to a programme of urban regeneration
key features of the plan include the restoration of derelict buildings and a tree-planting scheme/initiative
a restoration plan/work/project
at the top of agenda is economic development in inner cities
inner city area/schools/communities/regeneration/revitalization
a substantial increase in the number of residential dwellings in the town centre will ease the problem of congested roads and night-time crime
recreational facilities within walking distance
homelessness is on the increase
leafy suburbs and a desirable place to live
a redevelopment project/program/scheme, urban/city centre redevelopment
be demolished/targeted for redevelopment

urban regeneration redistributes opportunities, increasing urban prosperity and overall quality of life; urban regeneration initiatives are complex, access to services and active involvement of local residents to promote local economic development, where public space is a key element of interventions
carry out in a residential area without detriment to amenities

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42
Q

in bad condition

A

derelict
a derelict site, stand/lie derelict

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43
Q

having enough money to live , pay off debts

A

keep/stay afloat
many retailers are struggling to stay afloat because they expanded beyond their capabilities

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44
Q

money you earn

A

a source of income(primary), supplement your income

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45
Q

account colloc

A

open/close an account( a current account), pay money into an account, joint/separate account, a joint bank account, savings account,
= an account of travel expenses incurred by an employee must be submitted for reimbursement together with receipts
= give/keep an account of,
= by/from all accounts
= be of no/little account
= account to sb for sth-explain
= take into account
= on no account- never
= leave sth out of account - leave issues such as sustainability out of account
= there’s no accounting for taste
= turn sth to good account
= on account of
- on one’s account

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46
Q

debt colloc

A

get into debt, clear your debts
run up/pay off a debt (huge debts), be in debt to the bank, be deep in debt, amass/incur a debt of,
when applying for a loan, customers may be required to prove their ability to repay the debt
settle a debt
service debts
be burdened/saddled with crippling debts
consumer debt is soaring, with record-level defaults on credit card
the conglomerate is in debt
fall into debt
clear outstanding debts
pay back loans
a debt-ridden country/economy

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47
Q

how to save money

A

cut down on luxuries
seek advice
spend a fortune
run up a bill

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48
Q

credit card colloc

A

a credit-card debt, make a payment, on no account exceed the agreed credit limit
borrow heavily to repay debts
credit-card fraud has reached an all-time high, identity theft is on the increase

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49
Q

amount of money that a customer with a bank
account is temporarily allowed to owe to the bank

A

run up/increase an overdraft
offer an interest-free overdraft
offer overdraft facilities on an account
a borrowing/credit facility
have an overdraft
arrange am overdraft
pay interest if your account is overdrawn
the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit
overdraw account by
an overdraft occurs when sth is withdrawn in excess of what is a current account

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50
Q

money/finances problems

A

spend a fortune
run up a bill
falsify record and make fraudulent claims for travel expenses
put down a deposit on,
if borrowers default on repayments, banks are obliged to call in loans

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51
Q

interest rate colloc

A

high/low, cut/raise, rising/falling, fluctuations, a rise in the i.r., variable/fixed
charge an .. of

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52
Q

when you don’t pay on time

A

default, the recession has been accompanied by a (concomitant) rise in the incidence of defaults on loans
in default of any better alternative,
loan defaults
deteriorating economy pushed defaults to..
default choice

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53
Q

accept that some money has been lost

A

write off debts on the promise of new cost-cutting measures
a write-off - sth/sb worthless and unimportant

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54
Q

large (talking abt money or prices)

A

hefty returns/dividends/increase/rise/debt/profit/fines/discount

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55
Q

government finances

A

the financial liabilities of the government sector, a deficit occurs when a government’s expenditures exceed revenues
causes of government debt accumulation
put in place sweeping fiscal measures

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56
Q

inflation collocations

A

measures to curb inflation have proven highly successful
high/low/moderate inflation, falling/rising/accelerating inflation, a surge/increase/rise in inflation, a decline/fall/reduction in inflation, fuel/push up, the overall rate of inflation
keep pace with inflation, outstrip supply/demand
output in the sector has increased, but has been outstripped by service sector growth
a surge in house prices, profits surge
rampant inflation, inflation currently stands at

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57
Q

economic situation

A

current economic climate

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58
Q

invest colloc

A

invest for the long-term, stocks are regarded as good long-term investments, maintain current level of investment, make a significant investment in, the need to attract foreign investment

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59
Q

to lead sth (talk abt economy)

A

steer the economy through uninterrupted economic growth
steer clear of, steer the conversation back to sth

60
Q

encourage sth

A

stimulate the economy
cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy.
stimulate growth/investment/trade

61
Q

to show sth

A

indicate
an economic indicator
commodity prices can be a useful/reliable indicator of inflation, key indicator of
car ownership is frequently used as an indicator of affluence

62
Q

protect sb’s interests

A

safeguard

63
Q

the amount of sth that is produced/generated

A

output
increase output , manufacturing output falls by/declines/is down, focus on revenues and outputs, boost/raise/reduce/limit/cut (greenhouse gases) output, output falls/declines/rises/grows
economic/industrial/annual/overall/global/donestic output

64
Q

decrease

A

plummet
profits plummet

65
Q

public services= ?
public colloc

A

goal/ PRIME objective to establish world-class public services through investment and reform in order to ensure that taxpayers receive real value for money( Reckless lending was the prime cause of the crisis.)
achieve/meet financial/main/prime/predominant objective
public spending, to increase/cut public spending
any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to members of a community
The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries
a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics
in the public interest, public opinion, increase public awareness of, cause a public nuisance, bow to public pressure, hold public office,
launch a campaign/initiative/scheme

66
Q

main/most important

A

a prime example of, a prime target, a prime source of evidence/income ( supplement prime source of income by selling pastry on the side)
investing globally enhances the fund’s ability to meet its primary objective
establish/set clear objectives at/from the outset

67
Q

be successful

A

meet with considerable success

68
Q

untaxed and unrecorded economy

A

black economy
win the battle against the black economy, build on the success of
if current trends continue/go unchecked, if left unchecked , undeclared earnings and other tax evasion practices will push up costs and contribute to rising unemployment
curb tax evasion

69
Q

limit sth

A

restrict
measures to restrict the sale of alcohol,
restrict social life, restrict access to, restrict the sale/supply/use of sth, restrict the number of retail outlets that purvey
Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated/exacerbated the problem of traffic congestion.

70
Q

unemployment colloc

A

unemployment has risen/fallen again for the third consecutive month
Welfare discrimination plunges thousands of young people into a cycle of homelessness, unemployment and poverty.
a period/spell/fear of
unemployment stands at 15%
measure of unemployment,
high/low
unemployment figures/levels/statistics
tackle/reduce
increase/decline in unemployment
unemployment falls/drops/rises/soars/
competition caused by globalization and international trade
High and the persistent unemployment, in which economic inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on people’s mental health

71
Q

address colloc

A

address the issues surrounding large-scale economic migration
address a problem/issue/the budget deficit
to address a few introductory remarks to the audience
to be addressed as
a change of address, full address
scribble address on the envelope, the parcel was wrongly addressed, a letter addressed to, a stamped addressed envelope
call for a fresh drive to address the issue( water drives the turbines that generate electricity, drive yourself too hard, be driven by ambition, turbines driven by steam, a recruitment drive, on an economy drive, drive and ambition, have the drive to succeed, a cost-cutting drive, drive at-allude to)

72
Q

movement of people(or animals) to a new area

A

migration
track bird populations and migration patterns
a mass migration of poverty-stricken into the cities
many economic benefits of migration
the extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing shortage
economic migration is perceived as a problem that must be tackled rather than a force for good

73
Q

a new (solution/idea)

A

offer a novel solution

74
Q

respect for and obedience to the rules

A

law and order
law and order break down, a complete breakdown in law and order
assess the rate of breakdown of, a breakdown of the figures into, a full breakdown of the costs
mechanical breakdown, the breakdown of the negotiations
the breakdown of the new computer system, require a detailed cost breakdown, a breakdown of the figures

75
Q

talk about protests and disruptions

A

a volcano erupts, violence/riots erupt, to riot, a riot of colour, run riot(in rainforest, the daily downpours let vegetation run riot, children run riot, imagination runs riot)
be in a state of disorder, public disorder(outbreaks of public disorder), a blood/mental disorder
incite violence
as the discontent grew, riots erupted

76
Q

fabric colloc

A

dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric
the multicultural fabric of society,
cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society

76
Q

fabric colloc

A

dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric
the multicultural fabric of society,
cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society

77
Q

severe measures

A

draconian
tend to take draconian measures which seldom work
draconian laws/methods
draconian policies fuel growing public frustration and discontent, spark national outrage,
drastic/draconian/radical measures(introduce measures to reduce noise levels, take further measures to cut costs,

78
Q

medical or some other form of assistance

A

relief
provide relief when disasters occur in poorer countries
an international relief operation, relief supplies, famine relief
stand out in sharp relief against
aid agencies provide emergency relief

79
Q

an urgent or emotional request

A

make a plea for governments to break the cycle of (poverty, dependency)
a vicious cycle, cycle of debt

80
Q

old and dilapidated buildings

A

run-down
to run down - criticize
a rundown on/of sth
redevelop run-down areas

81
Q

contrary to the customs of a society in which one lives
outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour

A

antisocial behaviour/habit
beyond the pale(pale into insignificance)

82
Q

unable to deal adequately with normal social relations

A

dysfunctional families

83
Q

inspection, careful examination

A

scrutiny
come under scrutiny in this wide-ranging study, be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny

84
Q

earning little

A

many complex issues affecting low-income families
be in a high/low income bracket
… age bracket, price bracket
marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental issues
put students from low-income families at a disadvantage ( inevitably placing many people at a disadvantage, the law places/puts low-income families at a distinct disadvantage)

85
Q

serious and difficult to solve
crisis colloc

A

complex
a problem/issue of great complexity; reflect the range and complexity of belief; vary in complexity, take into account the complexity of educational processes and the diversity of educational goals

a major/global/economic/political crisis, a looming/growing/impending crisis
face a crisis, a crisis occurs/arises/escalates
address/ resolve a crisis, in crisis
in the grip of an economic crisis
resolve a problem/differences
intervene in domestic policy only during episodes of extreme crisis
reel from a crisis

86
Q

play a part in sth
too slight in amount to be important

A
  1. contribute
    contribute articles (write) to magazines
    evidence suggests that … would contribute to economic recovery
    contribute .. towards the cost of local services, contribute to a private pension ( making provision for retirement)
    contribute to a meeting/discussion
    all contributions will be much appreciated
    contributions for the school magazine,
    make a major contribution to road safety
    negligible contribution to the discussion
    negligible = the difference between .. is negligible, negligible knowledge , negligible impact/effect, negligible growth, negligible risks/damage
87
Q

the homeless and the poor colloc

A

provide shelter for the homeless,
poor sanitary conditions, unfit for human habitation,
provide affordable housing,
introduce neighbourhood watch scheme
claim benefits
possess an illegal substance(persistent poverty and continued discrimination in the workplace, housing lacking basic amenities, allocate money to housing development, substantially increase subsidies for the poor, receive a substantial government subsidy)

88
Q

unhappiness or dissatisfaction with sth

A

discontent
rapidly spreading discontent(among), widespread discontent about/over/with sth
fuel growing discontent, stoke public discontent; the chaos and disarray is a stark contrast to; keep at bay)

89
Q

cause continual distress/trouble
(crime colloc and phrases)

A

plague
plague sb with questions ; be plagued by a certain amount of adversity, perpetually plaguing pupils;
a fresh drive to combat crime, plagued with rising crime
involved in the initiative to tackle retail crime

90
Q

SOCIAL WORK - collocations and phrases

A
  1. social work - the work carried out by trained personnel with the aim of alleviating the conditions of those people in a community suffering from chronic social deprivation (invest in social enterprises in emerging markets and worldwide(affect livelihood; conservation of biodiversity; through a combination of grants, loans, and market access)
  2. main objectives : enhance individual and collective well-being/ enhance societal resilience // enhance mutual understanding and trust as well as deepen cooperation in various fields( collective effort/decision/responsibility/leadership/ownership of the means of production), conduct assessment and develop interventions, comprehensive programmes aimed at reducing state interventions in the economy, , promote social cohesion and facilitate a smooth transition back to the family and community(smooth transitions between learning environments lead to better outcomes), lack of social cohesions puts residents at risk of severe social isolation, reduce/eliminate ambiguity/ yield ambiguous conclusions,, be constrained to pursue peaceful means to achieve objectives, by its nature it’s dual in character, address the profound implications of the sharp decline in birthrates for fiscal sustainability, economic growth and social cohesion , address the basic needs to individuals in acute or chronic distress, the enhancement of public amenities, a paramount concern is the welfare of children , local authorities have an obligation to promote the welfare pf children, claim welfare benefits , assist those increasingly ill-equipped to anticipate and cope with the adverse effects of economic change, economically viable, seek to protect civil rights through economic and educational initiatives, capital investments is a key ingredient in an economic recovery, meet a wide spectrum of needs arising from routine contingencies of living( deal with all possible contingencies), key insight is that in order to build economic prosperity and alleviate fast-rising poverty, political reform is a necessity
  3. when = there arose more systematic responses to the factors that render individuals, and thus society at large, vulnerable , ensure equitable access to services and programmes, and systematic meaningful engagement
  4. how to achieve goals = provide a wide range of welfare services/ secure welfare provision/substantial increases in welfare expenditure/, recruit staff whose range of complex skills is required for effective service provision
  5. not to = provide assistance on the basis of selective criteria, withhold relief from all but the truly destitute, to whom it is given as a last resort, impede the welfare of
  6. improve= the family unit is imbued with the greatest value by most child welfare programmes; shift towards more socially inclusive approaches
    inclusive ways of thinking about moral status dramatically widen the scope , devise strategies that address, establish acceptable modes of conduct,
91
Q

affecting some things

A

selective
make selective acquisitions and extend product range
provide selective access to
selective approach
be selective in

92
Q

extend the limits of

A

push back the frontiers of knowledge,]
the frontiers of science technology
frontier
live in a town close to the frontiers, the frontiers between thought and reality

93
Q

findings

A

publish/present/announce///initial/preliminary

94
Q

make use of

A

harness technology in all sorts of innovative ways(methods/design/products/programmes/approach/strategy
vie to harness the bizarre properties of particles;
raise the prospect of plentiful clean power
a vast complex

95
Q

modern

A

cutting-edge design is transforming our daily lives

96
Q

work ok

A

run smoothly

97
Q

…equipment

A

install equipment

98
Q

damage caused by ordinary use

A

wear and tear
stand up to wear and tear
suffer from

99
Q

stop working

A

crash
systems/computers crash
the stock market crash
a power cut may cause machinery to lose power and production may be halted until power is restored
shut down a computer

100
Q

put a card ..
… a card
music…
… an app
wi-fi
… to email
tv..
maps..

A

put a card in a slot and enter one’s PIN, insert coins in a slot
swipe a card
stored on my phone
download an app
wi-fi hotspots
remote access to email/ switch channels , flat-screen tv on and off by remote control
high-definition tv
use satnav, fitted with satnav
broadcast in high definition

101
Q

be healthy
how to be healthy

A

enjoy good health
reduce stress levels;

102
Q

exercise colloc

A

build up your strength by doing plenty of exercise
gentle exercise
do a lot of sport
physical exercise enhances overall health
nutritional value /deficiencies , have no nutritional value, extol the benefits of ,
a rich source of fiber, .. may offer a variety of health benefits, such as aiding weight management and improving digestion
obesity is a worldwide health concern, and many diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, are becoming more prevalent because of obesity,
aid digestion
Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
bring about improvements in nutrition

103
Q

diet/food colloc

A

watch what you eat
a balanced/varied diet

104
Q

increase sth

A

build up strength/resistance to disease

105
Q

treatment colloc

A

be diagnosed with a serious medical condition
have an operation
prescribe a course of medication
respond well to treatment
make a full recovery

106
Q

sth unwanted

A

suffer side effects
does this drug have any side effect
a side effect of the new laws
adverse
adverse reactions, adverse events/effects/impact/change, adverse conditions/consequences/circumstances, adverse weather conditions
adverse publicity/criticism

107
Q

when you take more medication than is needed

A

exceed the recommended dose
take an overdose
a lethal dose,
in small doses, receive a hefty dose of bad news

108
Q

cold colloc

A

a streaming/heavy/nasty cold
shake off a cold

109
Q

disease colloc

A

a rare/infectious/incurable disease
a debilitating and incurable disease
suffer from a chronic disease

110
Q

be unhealthy

A

be in poor health/critically ill/fight for one’s life

111
Q

coma colloc/heart attack

A

fall into/come out of a coma
suffer a massive heart attack

112
Q

punishment colloc

A

express views about crime and punishment
escape punishment
LET SB OFF SCOT-FREE

113
Q

when you have to stay in prison

A

receive a custodial sentence

114
Q

not serious (crimes)

A

commit minor offences

115
Q

a formal examination of evidence by a judge

A

trial
- put sb on trial, trial proceedings, trial by jury, go on/stand trial for fraud, face trial, the trial was adjourned ( adjourn a meeting)
- undergo clinical trials, conduct a clinical/drug trial
fill a vacancy with a long-term unemployed individual on a trial basis, buy sth on trial
- a process of trial and error, learn by trial and error

116
Q

when you are guilty

A

be found guilty

117
Q

prison term

A

sentence
give sb a sentence
get. heavy/light sentence, the offence carries a jail/prison/life sentence
serve out one’s sentence

118
Q

justice colloc

A

miscarriage of justice
a grave/gross miscarriage of justice,
the justice system comprises a series of law courts at different levels
victims of a miscarriage of justice, obstruct the course of justice
- do justice to sb/sth or do sth/sb justice
- bring the criminals to justice

119
Q

false charges

A

face trial on the basis of unreliable evidence or trumped-up charges

120
Q

high

A

soaring crime rates

121
Q

sth that lessens the blame

A

mitigating/extenuating circumstances

122
Q

stay in prison until the trial

A

be remanded in custody

123
Q

a decision on an issue

A

verdict
unanimous verdict
the jury= reach/return a verdict of (not) guilty,
give one’s verdict on, the government’s economic records
reach a unanimous decision on (a proposal),
unanimous support/approval/vote, require the unanimous vote of the board to enact the rule
deliver/give/issue your verdict on
be found not guilty

124
Q

prove sb’s innocence

A

prove beyond reasonable doubt

125
Q

the conducting of legal proceedings against sb

A

prosecution
be prosecuted for fraud, be liable to prosecution, face prosecution for breaches of safety regulations

126
Q

dishonest

A

fraudulent business dealings
a rise/surge in fraudulent claims

127
Q

assume sth ( with no proof)

A

allege
it is alleged that
deny all knowledge of the alleged fraudulent business dealings
allege that, be alleged to, alleged criminals/offences

128
Q

witness colloc

A

a key witness gives evidence
unreliable witness

129
Q

compensation

A

award damages , be ordered to pay damages to

130
Q

ignore

A

dismiss
to dismiss the case
dismiss claims/complaints/concerns/talk/speculation
He dismissed claims by members of the union that the layoffs are motivated by budgetary concerns.
- fire : be dismissed from your job, He has been dismissed from his job for incompetence.( gross/utter , allegations of professional incompetence, expose/reveal/demonstrate administrative/managerial incompetence),
- dismiss sb as , dismiss the idea,dismiss those thoughts from your mind

131
Q

disagree with

A

contest the verdict/decosopms

132
Q

enemies colloc
bitter colloc

A

bitter/sworn enemies
routine is the enemy of the art
enemy forces/aircraft

a bitter look, bitter argument/recriminations, a bitter disappointment/experience

fight to the bitter end
taste the bitter fruits of
a bitter pill to swallow

133
Q

feelings of hate and unfriendliness

A

hostility
show open hostility to/toward,
war= be engaged in hostilities, hostilities begin/break out/suspended

134
Q

collect(ammunition)

A

stockpile

stockpiles of grain, cash stockpile, provide plenty of ammunition for

135
Q

stability=

A

instability
create political/economic instability
a period of political stability, the stability of the system, restore/provide/promote stability,

136
Q

use(troops)

A

deploy troops to somewhere
deploy resources/staff

137
Q

occurring without a reason, violence colloc

A

unprovoked;; a spate of attacks
an unprovoked attack, violence erupts /escalates( a problem/crisis/dispute escalates, the escalating cost of health care, demand/costs)

138
Q

gunfire from two or more directions

A

crossfire
be caught in the crossfire

139
Q

take the initiative by beginning to attack
sth that is intended to prevent an enemy from striking
strike that is short and precise
human death/damage on both sides
an attack made in response to
stop fighting

A

offensive
go on the offensive
launch the land offensive
make a pre-emptive strike, as a pre-emptive measure
surgical strike
collateral damage OR sustain/suffer casualties, no casualties, reduce/minimize/prevent/cause/inflict casualties
launch/mount a counter-attack
call for/declare a ceasefire

140
Q

take power

A

seize power/control
seize the chance/opportunity with both hands, seize the initiative

141
Q

ceasefire

A

truce

uneasy truce-liable to change
agree a truce, declare/call a truce

142
Q

easily broken

A

fragile peace
consolidate the fragile ceasefire
fragile items/health/porcelain, fragile economy/recovery /stability
chaos and disarray in stark contrast

143
Q

to start to operate

A

come into effect
ceasefire comes into effect
take effect
in effect - in practice
to remain in effect
laws come into effect
take effect from… onward
put sth into effect - implement
produce/have an effect, the effect of sth on, feel/suffer the effect of
a detrimental/negative/adverse effect
a significant/dramatic/profound effect
reduce/minimize the effect
the desired effect

144
Q

peace colloc

A

restore peace
a peace initiative
a lasting peace
keep the peace
peace and quiet
be at peace
leave in peace
peace of mind
hold your peace - say nothing
attitudes are hardly conducive to a peaceful settlement
live in peace and tranquility( new initiatives are needed to bridge the great abyss of class, launch an initiative to tackle rising crime, unprecedented array of accountability initiatives)
the police must play a crucial role in keeping the peace
resume peace negotiations
forge a peace agreement
achieve/promote/broker peace
make peace with - re-establish friendly relations with

collocations (7 decks)

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