problems and society Flashcards
laws and regulations collocation
pass laws
comply with laws
introduce/bring in regulations, conform to safety regulations, penalties for failure to comply with the regulations
standardise colloc
standardise procedures/processes/systems
adhere to standards
the condition of being morally and legally bound to do sth colloc
have an obligation to
be under(no) an obligations to, a legal/moral obligation
impose/place/fulfil/meet financial/contractual obligations
fulfil professional obligations
take sb in solely out of a sense of obligation
the law imposes certain obligations on public authorities
failure to meet contractual obligations may result in legal action
have a legal obligation to ensure your child receives adequate education
settle contractual disputes, contractual commitments/duties
when you estimate sth
carry out a risk assessment with a view to minimise danger to employees
conduct an annual assessment if, initial/preliminary/thorough assessment
make an assessment of the situation
assessment criteria
evaluate impact/performance/effectiveness on appraise performance
in cooperation with appraise the needs of
when you break law
in breach of the law
infringe the regulations relating to
widespread surveillance infringes on personal liberties, infringe on privacy
flout the rules/traditions/convention
agreement colloc
arrive at an agreement
reach an agreement
permission colloc
seek/obtain permission
be granted/given permission
important
absolutely essential
of vital/paramount importance, it is vital to, The kidney plays a vital role/part in the removal of waste products from the blood., it is vitally important that, depend vitally on government subsidies ; vitally alive
overriding concern.consideration
it is imperative that standards are maintained
laws and rules collectively
introduce new legislation
take a tougher line
tighten controls/rules
central government has tightened control over local authority spending
… an application
put in
same and boring
faceless bureaucrats
authority colloc
be in a position of considerable authority
exercise authority/greater control over
unnecessary processes and rules
red tape
cut through the red tape
hampered by red tape
excessive red tape
the usual way of doing sth
convention
defy/flout/break with convention
convention dictates that
hold annual party convention, sign/ratify a convention
- defy teachers/parents/the majority decision/the laws
defy belief/description/explanation
defy sb to do sth
increase in size
swell
swell up
swell its ranks
very valuable-
invaluable experience/advice
prove invaluable to/for
invaluable asset/contribution/resource
waste colloc and key phrases
disposal of household waste is daunting task for local authorities
dump waste
toxic chemicals/waste to be dumped into the river
household waste contains many materials and substances which are extremely harmful to the environment and authorities need long-term, solutions
toxic waste
unhappy
down in the dumps
environment colloc
conserve/preserve/protect the environment
concern abt the environment, damage/destroy/harm the environment, a risk/pose a serious threat to the environment
business/commercial/retail environment, office/workplace, evaluate the impact of pesticides of the environment
chemicals have a detrimental effect/impact on the env.
avert an environmental catastrophe on a global scale
tough measures to tackle road congestion and environmental problems
env. issues/concern/challenges/effect/impact/science/technology/cleanup
use sth again
recycle
recycle waste/goods
plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products
the health of the population as a whole
public health
a risk to public health
list some of the consequences of the climate change
climate change is the most urgent issue facing us today
the changing weather patterns, searing heat, soar temperatures, suffer a widespread flooding on a regular basis
inevitably have a detrimental impact on biodiversity
dire consequences, in the face of irreversible climate change, oil supplies will run dry(run out)
quest for wealth/riches
generate the refuse
CO2 plays a critical role in maintaining the balance in the Earth’s atmosphere and the air that we breathe, however/notwithstanding, excessive amounts of CO2 present in the atmosphere are detrimental to the environment
grasp the magnitude of the problem
dwindling funds/population/resources, severely depleted stocks, cash and carry outlets rely on a rapid turnover of stock, replenish stock of wine, turnover of stock
a drastic decline/drop/reduction in
shrinking habitats pose a threat to biodiversity, in terms of both plants and animals, and endangered species will require legal protection if they’re to survive
CO2 emissions from the burning of fossil fuels are contributing to the greenhouse effect; In addition, rapid population growth exerts severe pressure on finite resources, and the ecological balance may be upset by uncontrolled deforestation
demographic projections suggest the world population will continue to grow exponentially, putting extra pressure on depleting resources
safe water may become an increasingly precious commodity, leading to issues of water security
pervasive feeling of doom and gloom
Our high living standards cause our current population to consume 25 percent of the world’s oil.
Most of their manufactured products are consumed domestically.
The software consumes huge amounts of internet bandwidth.( be consumed by/with)
profound effect on, bring about profound changes, profound implications(profound truths/wisdoms)
coral reefs form some of the world’s most productive and fascinating ecosystems, providing complex and varied marine habitats that support a wide range of other organismsA`
tackle climate change
recycle waste/products- plastic bottles can be recycled into a myriad other products
tough measures to tackle road congestion and env. pollution
reduce carbon footprint
in the face of irreversible climate change, call for urgent action on climate change, climate change talks/summit, a climate change sceptic
reduce food miles by buying/purchasing local produce
offset carbon emissions, offset long-haul flights, purchase an offset when booking flights
vehicle emissions
hybrid cars, develop alternative energy sources, solar heating/panels/cells, harness solar energy,
construct offshore wind farms
renewable energy, green taxes and incentives to encourage eco-friendly design in architecture
it’s absolutely vital that everyone plays their part in combating climate change
many of the Earth’s crises are chronic and inexorably linked
chronic disease/pain/shortage of/economic problems, the inexorable progress of science
the air is polluted by emissions produced by…
grasp the magnitude/significance/importance of
explore alternative energy sources
disposable plates/razors/syringe/high-tech gadget
the market no longer offers disposable plastic bags at checkout
replace imported oil with biofuels produced from homegrown materials
efforts to promote the use of biodiesel, distributed at filling stations nationally
clearly, many hurdles stand in the way of making such biofuels commercially viable
it is problematic to forecast whether powering our vehicles with crop derivatives will ever be a truly economic proposition
nevertheless, it is not too early to ponder what impact the widespread adoption of biofuel would have on our environment
consequently, the burden on freshwater supplies and the general disruption that would accompany such a switch in fuel sources would be immense
wean oneself off petroleum fuels
cultivation of oil palms demands a tropical climate, and its large-scale production is a significant factor in the ongoing destruction
dire threat to the dwindling population of
the advantage of efficient technology and low-cost feedstock;
widely recognised as having the potential to meet the demands of a biodiesel-based transportation fleet without devastating the natural habitats/landscape
treat the vast/huge quantities of nutrient\laden water which runs off from adjacent farm land
view prospect as dim,
take drastic action/measures/steps, drastic changes/cuts
adopt a policy of sustainable development
conserve a finite reserve of fossil fuel that should be conserved
increase and be high
soar
house prices soar
sales are soaring
counteract
be offset by , offset against tax
profits and losses on each investment tend to offset each other
improvement or development of sth
advance
- the advances made by humans have made us the dominant species on our planet; recent advances in the medical field, the advance of floodwaters, represent a major advance in, the advance of the digital age, economic/technological advance, be engaged in the task of restraining the advance of the pound/dollar
- to advance career/position; to advance greatly in knowledge, considerably advance, to advance the cause of
- early = provide advance notice, advance warning, advance payment, to pay an advance
- in advance
the greatest
the dominant issue/market share
merit careful consideration
for a small consideration- a sum of money
unparalleled
unprecedented
however, several eminent scientist are concerned that our way of life is putting an unprecedented strain on the Earth’s ecosystems and threatening our future as a species
witness environmental destruction on an environmental scale, reach an unprecedented level, take the unprecedented step of, on an unprecedented /unparalleled scale
demanding and hard
taxing
we’re confronting environmental problems that are more taxing than ever before, some of which seemingly insoluble
insoluble- insurmountable
we must face the fact that some problems are insoluble
insurmountable difficulties/problems/obstacles/tasks
base on sth
premise
premise your argument on several incorrect assumptions; calculation is premised on the idea that
emissions colloc
cut/limit/reduce emissions, emission reductions
hybrid vehicles significantly reduce the emission of pollutants
hybrid vehicles reduce the emissions of pollutants
use up
exhaust a supply/resources/stock/every possibility/option/reserves
car exhaust
through acid rain and greenhouse gases exhaust fumes can have a devastating impact in our climate
when soil erodes
soil/coastal erosion: the survey reveals a gradual erosion of support, price/jobs erosion
the soil is contaminated by factories and power stations which deposit heavy metals in the soil; other human activities such as intensive farming and agriculture take their toll on the quality of the soil; deforestation has been linked with soil erosion
new and untouched
pristine
pristine condition
unaffected
immune
become immune to sth
prevalent
pervasive
pervasive influence, all-pervasive corruption
do you prefer living in the city or in the countryside?why?
useful phrases:(city)
in the bustling centre you can enjoy high-quality urban living, with reliable public transport
crowded streets, hectic pace of life, hail a taxi
extensive grounds/repairs/knowledge/coverage/plans
(countryside)
rustic charm of life in the back of beyond, the unblemished charm of rustic life has been a perennial source of inspiration
in the back of beyond
a rural/pastoral idyll
an economic backwater, a quiet backwater in the middle of nowhere
unspoilt /surrounding countryside, flock to the countryside , unspoilt and pristine beaches
a rural/ a bleak urban landscape, a barren/rugged landscape
a mountain/fishing village, Many people come from the outlying/surrounding villages to work in the town.
Because I live in a remote village, I regard my car as an essential.
busy
hectic
a hectic schedule/day/week/lifestyle/growth/expansion
stiff/fixed
rigid
a rigid steel and concrete structure
be rigid with fear
bored rigid
improve life in inner city
urban regeneration/decay/development/centre/community/area/sprawl
the high-speed train link is responsible for one of the biggest urban regeneration projects in the area
the council is committed to a programme of urban regeneration
key features of the plan include the restoration of derelict buildings and a tree-planting scheme/initiative
a restoration plan/work/project
at the top of agenda is economic development in inner cities
inner city area/schools/communities/regeneration/revitalization
a substantial increase in the number of residential dwellings in the town centre will ease the problem of congested roads and night-time crime
recreational facilities within walking distance
homelessness is on the increase
leafy suburbs and a desirable place to live
a redevelopment project/program/scheme, urban/city centre redevelopment
be demolished/targeted for redevelopment
urban regeneration redistributes opportunities, increasing urban prosperity and overall quality of life; urban regeneration initiatives are complex, access to services and active involvement of local residents to promote local economic development, where public space is a key element of interventions
carry out in a residential area without detriment to amenities
in bad condition
derelict
a derelict site, stand/lie derelict
having enough money to live , pay off debts
keep/stay afloat
many retailers are struggling to stay afloat because they expanded beyond their capabilities
money you earn
a source of income(primary), supplement your income
account colloc
open/close an account( a current account), pay money into an account, joint/separate account, a joint bank account, savings account,
= an account of travel expenses incurred by an employee must be submitted for reimbursement together with receipts
= give/keep an account of,
= by/from all accounts
= be of no/little account
= account to sb for sth-explain
= take into account
= on no account- never
= leave sth out of account - leave issues such as sustainability out of account
= there’s no accounting for taste
= turn sth to good account
= on account of
- on one’s account
debt colloc
get into debt, clear your debts
run up/pay off a debt (huge debts), be in debt to the bank, be deep in debt, amass/incur a debt of,
when applying for a loan, customers may be required to prove their ability to repay the debt
settle a debt
service debts
be burdened/saddled with crippling debts
consumer debt is soaring, with record-level defaults on credit card
the conglomerate is in debt
fall into debt
clear outstanding debts
pay back loans
a debt-ridden country/economy
how to save money
cut down on luxuries
seek advice
spend a fortune
run up a bill
credit card colloc
a credit-card debt, make a payment, on no account exceed the agreed credit limit
borrow heavily to repay debts
credit-card fraud has reached an all-time high, identity theft is on the increase
amount of money that a customer with a bank
account is temporarily allowed to owe to the bank
run up/increase an overdraft
offer an interest-free overdraft
offer overdraft facilities on an account
a borrowing/credit facility
have an overdraft
arrange am overdraft
pay interest if your account is overdrawn
the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit
overdraw account by
an overdraft occurs when sth is withdrawn in excess of what is a current account
money/finances problems
spend a fortune
run up a bill
falsify record and make fraudulent claims for travel expenses
put down a deposit on,
if borrowers default on repayments, banks are obliged to call in loans
interest rate colloc
high/low, cut/raise, rising/falling, fluctuations, a rise in the i.r., variable/fixed
charge an .. of
when you don’t pay on time
default, the recession has been accompanied by a (concomitant) rise in the incidence of defaults on loans
in default of any better alternative,
loan defaults
deteriorating economy pushed defaults to..
default choice
accept that some money has been lost
write off debts on the promise of new cost-cutting measures
a write-off - sth/sb worthless and unimportant
large (talking abt money or prices)
hefty returns/dividends/increase/rise/debt/profit/fines/discount
government finances
the financial liabilities of the government sector, a deficit occurs when a government’s expenditures exceed revenues
causes of government debt accumulation
put in place sweeping fiscal measures
inflation collocations
measures to curb inflation have proven highly successful
high/low/moderate inflation, falling/rising/accelerating inflation, a surge/increase/rise in inflation, a decline/fall/reduction in inflation, fuel/push up, the overall rate of inflation
keep pace with inflation, outstrip supply/demand
output in the sector has increased, but has been outstripped by service sector growth
a surge in house prices, profits surge
rampant inflation, inflation currently stands at
economic situation
current economic climate
invest colloc
invest for the long-term, stocks are regarded as good long-term investments, maintain current level of investment, make a significant investment in, the need to attract foreign investment
to lead sth (talk abt economy)
steer the economy through uninterrupted economic growth
steer clear of, steer the conversation back to sth
encourage sth
stimulate the economy
cut taxes in order to stimulate the economy.
stimulate growth/investment/trade
to show sth
indicate
an economic indicator
commodity prices can be a useful/reliable indicator of inflation, key indicator of
car ownership is frequently used as an indicator of affluence
protect sb’s interests
safeguard
the amount of sth that is produced/generated
output
increase output , manufacturing output falls by/declines/is down, focus on revenues and outputs, boost/raise/reduce/limit/cut (greenhouse gases) output, output falls/declines/rises/grows
economic/industrial/annual/overall/global/donestic output
decrease
plummet
profits plummet
public services= ?
public colloc
goal/ PRIME objective to establish world-class public services through investment and reform in order to ensure that taxpayers receive real value for money( Reckless lending was the prime cause of the crisis.)
achieve/meet financial/main/prime/predominant objective
public spending, to increase/cut public spending
any service intended to address specific needs pertaining to members of a community
The widespread provision of public utilities as public services in developed countries
a global initiative which aims to influence the provision of public services and infrastructure to marginalized demographics
in the public interest, public opinion, increase public awareness of, cause a public nuisance, bow to public pressure, hold public office,
launch a campaign/initiative/scheme
main/most important
a prime example of, a prime target, a prime source of evidence/income ( supplement prime source of income by selling pastry on the side)
investing globally enhances the fund’s ability to meet its primary objective
establish/set clear objectives at/from the outset
be successful
meet with considerable success
untaxed and unrecorded economy
black economy
win the battle against the black economy, build on the success of
if current trends continue/go unchecked, if left unchecked , undeclared earnings and other tax evasion practices will push up costs and contribute to rising unemployment
curb tax evasion
limit sth
restrict
measures to restrict the sale of alcohol,
restrict social life, restrict access to, restrict the sale/supply/use of sth, restrict the number of retail outlets that purvey
Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated/exacerbated the problem of traffic congestion.
unemployment colloc
unemployment has risen/fallen again for the third consecutive month
Welfare discrimination plunges thousands of young people into a cycle of homelessness, unemployment and poverty.
a period/spell/fear of
unemployment stands at 15%
measure of unemployment,
high/low
unemployment figures/levels/statistics
tackle/reduce
increase/decline in unemployment
unemployment falls/drops/rises/soars/
competition caused by globalization and international trade
High and the persistent unemployment, in which economic inequality increases, has a negative effect on subsequent long-run economic growth. Unemployment can harm Unemployment has been linked to extremely adverse effects on people’s mental health
address colloc
address the issues surrounding large-scale economic migration
address a problem/issue/the budget deficit
to address a few introductory remarks to the audience
to be addressed as
a change of address, full address
scribble address on the envelope, the parcel was wrongly addressed, a letter addressed to, a stamped addressed envelope
call for a fresh drive to address the issue( water drives the turbines that generate electricity, drive yourself too hard, be driven by ambition, turbines driven by steam, a recruitment drive, on an economy drive, drive and ambition, have the drive to succeed, a cost-cutting drive, drive at-allude to)
movement of people(or animals) to a new area
migration
track bird populations and migration patterns
a mass migration of poverty-stricken into the cities
many economic benefits of migration
the extensive rural-to-urban migration has created a severe housing shortage
economic migration is perceived as a problem that must be tackled rather than a force for good
a new (solution/idea)
offer a novel solution
respect for and obedience to the rules
law and order
law and order break down, a complete breakdown in law and order
assess the rate of breakdown of, a breakdown of the figures into, a full breakdown of the costs
mechanical breakdown, the breakdown of the negotiations
the breakdown of the new computer system, require a detailed cost breakdown, a breakdown of the figures
talk about protests and disruptions
a volcano erupts, violence/riots erupt, to riot, a riot of colour, run riot(in rainforest, the daily downpours let vegetation run riot, children run riot, imagination runs riot)
be in a state of disorder, public disorder(outbreaks of public disorder), a blood/mental disorder
incite violence
as the discontent grew, riots erupted
fabric colloc
dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric
the multicultural fabric of society,
cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society
fabric colloc
dress fabric, seats upholstered in red fabric, the fabric of society/the social fabric
the multicultural fabric of society,
cultural institutions contribute to the fabric of urban society
severe measures
draconian
tend to take draconian measures which seldom work
draconian laws/methods
draconian policies fuel growing public frustration and discontent, spark national outrage,
drastic/draconian/radical measures(introduce measures to reduce noise levels, take further measures to cut costs,
medical or some other form of assistance
relief
provide relief when disasters occur in poorer countries
an international relief operation, relief supplies, famine relief
stand out in sharp relief against
aid agencies provide emergency relief
an urgent or emotional request
make a plea for governments to break the cycle of (poverty, dependency)
a vicious cycle, cycle of debt
old and dilapidated buildings
run-down
to run down - criticize
a rundown on/of sth
redevelop run-down areas
contrary to the customs of a society in which one lives
outside the bounds of acceptable behaviour
antisocial behaviour/habit
beyond the pale(pale into insignificance)
unable to deal adequately with normal social relations
dysfunctional families
inspection, careful examination
scrutiny
come under scrutiny in this wide-ranging study, be subjected to/come under (close) scrutiny
earning little
many complex issues affecting low-income families
be in a high/low income bracket
… age bracket, price bracket
marginalized and low-income populations are disproportionately exposed to environmental issues
put students from low-income families at a disadvantage ( inevitably placing many people at a disadvantage, the law places/puts low-income families at a distinct disadvantage)
serious and difficult to solve
crisis colloc
complex
a problem/issue of great complexity; reflect the range and complexity of belief; vary in complexity, take into account the complexity of educational processes and the diversity of educational goals
a major/global/economic/political crisis, a looming/growing/impending crisis
face a crisis, a crisis occurs/arises/escalates
address/ resolve a crisis, in crisis
in the grip of an economic crisis
resolve a problem/differences
intervene in domestic policy only during episodes of extreme crisis
reel from a crisis
play a part in sth
too slight in amount to be important
- contribute
contribute articles (write) to magazines
evidence suggests that … would contribute to economic recovery
contribute .. towards the cost of local services, contribute to a private pension ( making provision for retirement)
contribute to a meeting/discussion
all contributions will be much appreciated
contributions for the school magazine,
make a major contribution to road safety
negligible contribution to the discussion
negligible = the difference between .. is negligible, negligible knowledge , negligible impact/effect, negligible growth, negligible risks/damage
the homeless and the poor colloc
provide shelter for the homeless,
poor sanitary conditions, unfit for human habitation,
provide affordable housing,
introduce neighbourhood watch scheme
claim benefits
possess an illegal substance(persistent poverty and continued discrimination in the workplace, housing lacking basic amenities, allocate money to housing development, substantially increase subsidies for the poor, receive a substantial government subsidy)
unhappiness or dissatisfaction with sth
discontent
rapidly spreading discontent(among), widespread discontent about/over/with sth
fuel growing discontent, stoke public discontent; the chaos and disarray is a stark contrast to; keep at bay)
cause continual distress/trouble
(crime colloc and phrases)
plague
plague sb with questions ; be plagued by a certain amount of adversity, perpetually plaguing pupils;
a fresh drive to combat crime, plagued with rising crime
involved in the initiative to tackle retail crime
SOCIAL WORK - collocations and phrases
- social work - the work carried out by trained personnel with the aim of alleviating the conditions of those people in a community suffering from chronic social deprivation (invest in social enterprises in emerging markets and worldwide(affect livelihood; conservation of biodiversity; through a combination of grants, loans, and market access)
- main objectives : enhance individual and collective well-being/ enhance societal resilience // enhance mutual understanding and trust as well as deepen cooperation in various fields( collective effort/decision/responsibility/leadership/ownership of the means of production), conduct assessment and develop interventions, comprehensive programmes aimed at reducing state interventions in the economy, , promote social cohesion and facilitate a smooth transition back to the family and community(smooth transitions between learning environments lead to better outcomes), lack of social cohesions puts residents at risk of severe social isolation, reduce/eliminate ambiguity/ yield ambiguous conclusions,, be constrained to pursue peaceful means to achieve objectives, by its nature it’s dual in character, address the profound implications of the sharp decline in birthrates for fiscal sustainability, economic growth and social cohesion , address the basic needs to individuals in acute or chronic distress, the enhancement of public amenities, a paramount concern is the welfare of children , local authorities have an obligation to promote the welfare pf children, claim welfare benefits , assist those increasingly ill-equipped to anticipate and cope with the adverse effects of economic change, economically viable, seek to protect civil rights through economic and educational initiatives, capital investments is a key ingredient in an economic recovery, meet a wide spectrum of needs arising from routine contingencies of living( deal with all possible contingencies), key insight is that in order to build economic prosperity and alleviate fast-rising poverty, political reform is a necessity
- when = there arose more systematic responses to the factors that render individuals, and thus society at large, vulnerable , ensure equitable access to services and programmes, and systematic meaningful engagement
- how to achieve goals = provide a wide range of welfare services/ secure welfare provision/substantial increases in welfare expenditure/, recruit staff whose range of complex skills is required for effective service provision
- not to = provide assistance on the basis of selective criteria, withhold relief from all but the truly destitute, to whom it is given as a last resort, impede the welfare of
- improve= the family unit is imbued with the greatest value by most child welfare programmes; shift towards more socially inclusive approaches
inclusive ways of thinking about moral status dramatically widen the scope , devise strategies that address, establish acceptable modes of conduct,
affecting some things
selective
make selective acquisitions and extend product range
provide selective access to
selective approach
be selective in
extend the limits of
push back the frontiers of knowledge,]
the frontiers of science technology
frontier
live in a town close to the frontiers, the frontiers between thought and reality
findings
publish/present/announce///initial/preliminary
make use of
harness technology in all sorts of innovative ways(methods/design/products/programmes/approach/strategy
vie to harness the bizarre properties of particles;
raise the prospect of plentiful clean power
a vast complex
modern
cutting-edge design is transforming our daily lives
work ok
run smoothly
…equipment
install equipment
damage caused by ordinary use
wear and tear
stand up to wear and tear
suffer from
stop working
crash
systems/computers crash
the stock market crash
a power cut may cause machinery to lose power and production may be halted until power is restored
shut down a computer
put a card ..
… a card
music…
… an app
wi-fi
… to email
tv..
maps..
put a card in a slot and enter one’s PIN, insert coins in a slot
swipe a card
stored on my phone
download an app
wi-fi hotspots
remote access to email/ switch channels , flat-screen tv on and off by remote control
high-definition tv
use satnav, fitted with satnav
broadcast in high definition
be healthy
how to be healthy
enjoy good health
reduce stress levels;
exercise colloc
build up your strength by doing plenty of exercise
gentle exercise
do a lot of sport
physical exercise enhances overall health
nutritional value /deficiencies , have no nutritional value, extol the benefits of ,
a rich source of fiber, .. may offer a variety of health benefits, such as aiding weight management and improving digestion
obesity is a worldwide health concern, and many diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease, are becoming more prevalent because of obesity,
aid digestion
Good nutrition is essential if patients are to make a quick recovery.
bring about improvements in nutrition
diet/food colloc
watch what you eat
a balanced/varied diet
increase sth
build up strength/resistance to disease
treatment colloc
be diagnosed with a serious medical condition
have an operation
prescribe a course of medication
respond well to treatment
make a full recovery
sth unwanted
suffer side effects
does this drug have any side effect
a side effect of the new laws
adverse
adverse reactions, adverse events/effects/impact/change, adverse conditions/consequences/circumstances, adverse weather conditions
adverse publicity/criticism
when you take more medication than is needed
exceed the recommended dose
take an overdose
a lethal dose,
in small doses, receive a hefty dose of bad news
cold colloc
a streaming/heavy/nasty cold
shake off a cold
disease colloc
a rare/infectious/incurable disease
a debilitating and incurable disease
suffer from a chronic disease
be unhealthy
be in poor health/critically ill/fight for one’s life
coma colloc/heart attack
fall into/come out of a coma
suffer a massive heart attack
punishment colloc
express views about crime and punishment
escape punishment
LET SB OFF SCOT-FREE
when you have to stay in prison
receive a custodial sentence
not serious (crimes)
commit minor offences
a formal examination of evidence by a judge
trial
- put sb on trial, trial proceedings, trial by jury, go on/stand trial for fraud, face trial, the trial was adjourned ( adjourn a meeting)
- undergo clinical trials, conduct a clinical/drug trial
fill a vacancy with a long-term unemployed individual on a trial basis, buy sth on trial
- a process of trial and error, learn by trial and error
when you are guilty
be found guilty
prison term
sentence
give sb a sentence
get. heavy/light sentence, the offence carries a jail/prison/life sentence
serve out one’s sentence
justice colloc
miscarriage of justice
a grave/gross miscarriage of justice,
the justice system comprises a series of law courts at different levels
victims of a miscarriage of justice, obstruct the course of justice
- do justice to sb/sth or do sth/sb justice
- bring the criminals to justice
false charges
face trial on the basis of unreliable evidence or trumped-up charges
high
soaring crime rates
sth that lessens the blame
mitigating/extenuating circumstances
stay in prison until the trial
be remanded in custody
a decision on an issue
verdict
unanimous verdict
the jury= reach/return a verdict of (not) guilty,
give one’s verdict on, the government’s economic records
reach a unanimous decision on (a proposal),
unanimous support/approval/vote, require the unanimous vote of the board to enact the rule
deliver/give/issue your verdict on
be found not guilty
prove sb’s innocence
prove beyond reasonable doubt
the conducting of legal proceedings against sb
prosecution
be prosecuted for fraud, be liable to prosecution, face prosecution for breaches of safety regulations
dishonest
fraudulent business dealings
a rise/surge in fraudulent claims
assume sth ( with no proof)
allege
it is alleged that
deny all knowledge of the alleged fraudulent business dealings
allege that, be alleged to, alleged criminals/offences
witness colloc
a key witness gives evidence
unreliable witness
compensation
award damages , be ordered to pay damages to
ignore
dismiss
to dismiss the case
dismiss claims/complaints/concerns/talk/speculation
He dismissed claims by members of the union that the layoffs are motivated by budgetary concerns.
- fire : be dismissed from your job, He has been dismissed from his job for incompetence.( gross/utter , allegations of professional incompetence, expose/reveal/demonstrate administrative/managerial incompetence),
- dismiss sb as , dismiss the idea,dismiss those thoughts from your mind
disagree with
contest the verdict/decosopms
enemies colloc
bitter colloc
bitter/sworn enemies
routine is the enemy of the art
enemy forces/aircraft
a bitter look, bitter argument/recriminations, a bitter disappointment/experience
fight to the bitter end
taste the bitter fruits of
a bitter pill to swallow
feelings of hate and unfriendliness
hostility
show open hostility to/toward,
war= be engaged in hostilities, hostilities begin/break out/suspended
collect(ammunition)
stockpile
stockpiles of grain, cash stockpile, provide plenty of ammunition for
stability=
instability
create political/economic instability
a period of political stability, the stability of the system, restore/provide/promote stability,
use(troops)
deploy troops to somewhere
deploy resources/staff
occurring without a reason, violence colloc
unprovoked;; a spate of attacks
an unprovoked attack, violence erupts /escalates( a problem/crisis/dispute escalates, the escalating cost of health care, demand/costs)
gunfire from two or more directions
crossfire
be caught in the crossfire
take the initiative by beginning to attack
sth that is intended to prevent an enemy from striking
strike that is short and precise
human death/damage on both sides
an attack made in response to
stop fighting
offensive
go on the offensive
launch the land offensive
make a pre-emptive strike, as a pre-emptive measure
surgical strike
collateral damage OR sustain/suffer casualties, no casualties, reduce/minimize/prevent/cause/inflict casualties
launch/mount a counter-attack
call for/declare a ceasefire
take power
seize power/control
seize the chance/opportunity with both hands, seize the initiative
ceasefire
truce
uneasy truce-liable to change
agree a truce, declare/call a truce
easily broken
fragile peace
consolidate the fragile ceasefire
fragile items/health/porcelain, fragile economy/recovery /stability
chaos and disarray in stark contrast
to start to operate
come into effect
ceasefire comes into effect
take effect
in effect - in practice
to remain in effect
laws come into effect
take effect from… onward
put sth into effect - implement
produce/have an effect, the effect of sth on, feel/suffer the effect of
a detrimental/negative/adverse effect
a significant/dramatic/profound effect
reduce/minimize the effect
the desired effect
peace colloc
restore peace
a peace initiative
a lasting peace
keep the peace
peace and quiet
be at peace
leave in peace
peace of mind
hold your peace - say nothing
attitudes are hardly conducive to a peaceful settlement
live in peace and tranquility( new initiatives are needed to bridge the great abyss of class, launch an initiative to tackle rising crime, unprecedented array of accountability initiatives)
the police must play a crucial role in keeping the peace
resume peace negotiations
forge a peace agreement
achieve/promote/broker peace
make peace with - re-establish friendly relations with
