Problem Solving and Decision Making Flashcards
What are the four steps in defining the problem?
- Problem Identification
- Define and Represent
- Strategy Formulation
- Organization
What are parts of problem identification?
It is figuring out what the problem is. Part of that is communication difficulties like interruption or miscommunication.
What is Define and Represent (problem definition)?
It is true listening (active listening) (tone, mode)
What is Strategy Formulation?
Analysis, Synthesis, divergent thinking, and convergent are parts of strategy formulation.
- Analysis - breaking down all components
- Synthesis - precisely putting some elements for a solution
- divergent thinking - brainstorming
- convergent thinking - narrowing down
What is a part of an organization?
It is a resource allocation. It is getting all parts of strategies into solutions
What factors hurt problem-solving?
Functional fixedness and hill-climbing heuristics are two factors that hurt problem-solving.
What is functional fixedness?
Functional fixedness is the purpose of items being fixed. It is finding another way to do with the object.
What is a hill-climbing heuristic?
It is making alternative directions when people are not doing something correctly.
What is stereotype threat and how does it impact performance?
There is a stereotype threat model.
1) ability to diagnose situation + stereotype
2) self-threat
3) distraction; self-consciousness; evaluation apprehension; test anxiety; and loss of motivation
4) interference with performance
What is creativity?
It is thinking outside the box and actualizing it into the world after having a vision. It is original and worthwhile.
It describes a creative person such as personality and openness to experiences.
How do you measure creativity?
- Fluency - ease or difficulty a person experiences when processing information; how much a person produces; the number of uses
- originality - a process of producing new ideas without considering whether they are useful; your own ideas
- Flexibility - number of categories; an ability to think of a lot of varieties in categories
- Elaboration - ability to develop and expand ideas in detail; sword (silver sword for ant army)
What is system 1 and system 2 decision making?
System 1 (heuristic approach) - fast and automatic; can lead to irrational and less safe decisions
System 2 (algorithm approach) - slow and logistical; can lead to a deeper understanding and safer decisions
What is the heuristic approach to decision-making compared to an algorithm approach?
The heuristic approach is mental shortcut, then do not use it. The problem is overusing them.
Algorithm approach is time-intensive and labor-intensive.
What is the representativeness heuristic and how does it impact decision making?
Representative heuristic is judging the likelihood of something based on how closely it fits your schema
Base rate fallacy
- often correct and ignores the other relevant info, which is how stereotypes exist
- system = faster; calculating base rate = more effortful
What is the availability heuristic and how does it impact decision-making?
It can recall something. It is judging the likelihood of something based on how quickly we recall it.
It is defined as dread risk.
The media –> leads to a schema (tornado, deaths, etc.)
–> damaging things
Example: we believe that deaths were caused by car accidents more than flight accidents because of the news on the media.
