Problem Solving and Decision Making Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four steps in defining the problem?

A
  1. Problem Identification
  2. Define and Represent
  3. Strategy Formulation
  4. Organization
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2
Q

What are parts of problem identification?

A

It is figuring out what the problem is. Part of that is communication difficulties like interruption or miscommunication.

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3
Q

What is Define and Represent (problem definition)?

A

It is true listening (active listening) (tone, mode)

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4
Q

What is Strategy Formulation?

A

Analysis, Synthesis, divergent thinking, and convergent are parts of strategy formulation.

  1. Analysis - breaking down all components
  2. Synthesis - precisely putting some elements for a solution
  3. divergent thinking - brainstorming
  4. convergent thinking - narrowing down
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5
Q

What is a part of an organization?

A

It is a resource allocation. It is getting all parts of strategies into solutions

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6
Q

What factors hurt problem-solving?

A

Functional fixedness and hill-climbing heuristics are two factors that hurt problem-solving.

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7
Q

What is functional fixedness?

A

Functional fixedness is the purpose of items being fixed. It is finding another way to do with the object.

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8
Q

What is a hill-climbing heuristic?

A

It is making alternative directions when people are not doing something correctly.

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9
Q

What is stereotype threat and how does it impact performance?

A

There is a stereotype threat model.

1) ability to diagnose situation + stereotype

2) self-threat

3) distraction; self-consciousness; evaluation apprehension; test anxiety; and loss of motivation

4) interference with performance

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10
Q

What is creativity?

A

It is thinking outside the box and actualizing it into the world after having a vision. It is original and worthwhile.

It describes a creative person such as personality and openness to experiences.

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11
Q

How do you measure creativity?

A
  1. Fluency - ease or difficulty a person experiences when processing information; how much a person produces; the number of uses
  2. originality - a process of producing new ideas without considering whether they are useful; your own ideas
  3. Flexibility - number of categories; an ability to think of a lot of varieties in categories
  4. Elaboration - ability to develop and expand ideas in detail; sword (silver sword for ant army)
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12
Q

What is system 1 and system 2 decision making?

A

System 1 (heuristic approach) - fast and automatic; can lead to irrational and less safe decisions

System 2 (algorithm approach) - slow and logistical; can lead to a deeper understanding and safer decisions

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13
Q

What is the heuristic approach to decision-making compared to an algorithm approach?

A

The heuristic approach is mental shortcut, then do not use it. The problem is overusing them.

Algorithm approach is time-intensive and labor-intensive.

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14
Q

What is the representativeness heuristic and how does it impact decision making?

A

Representative heuristic is judging the likelihood of something based on how closely it fits your schema

Base rate fallacy
- often correct and ignores the other relevant info, which is how stereotypes exist

  • system = faster; calculating base rate = more effortful
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15
Q

What is the availability heuristic and how does it impact decision-making?

A

It can recall something. It is judging the likelihood of something based on how quickly we recall it.

It is defined as dread risk.

The media –> leads to a schema (tornado, deaths, etc.)
–> damaging things

Example: we believe that deaths were caused by car accidents more than flight accidents because of the news on the media.

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16
Q

What is confirmation bias and how does it impact decision-making?

A

It is treating the information you agree with differently than the information you disagree
- seek out the information you agree with
- better memory for info we agree
- evaluate info and agree with it differently