Problem Set #6- Cellular Respiration Flashcards
For every molecule of glucose that goes into glycolysis, what comes out*? Select all 4 correct answers for credit.
*By “what comes out”, I am referring to the end of the entire cycle (after the full 10 steps, not intermediates).
ATP
NADH
H2O
PYRUVATE
The products of glycolysis are:
2 NADH
2 H+ (proton, hydrogen ion)
2 ATP
2 H2O
2 Pyruvate
The bacterium E. coli is a facultative anaerobe, meaning that depending on its environmental surroundings it can grow and divide under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. The rate of cell division is limited only by the cell’s ability to generate the energy required to synthesize and duplicate necessary macromolecules. Using the following growth curves, which statement is correct?
The orange curve (curve closest to the y-axis) is the results of E. coli growing aerobically and the blue cure (curve farthest from the y-axis) is from cells grown anaerobically.
Anaerobic vs aerobic DOES have an affect on growth RATE. And, here, aerobic gets them to the max pop size fastest.
NADH is the ______ form of NAD+ while NAD+ is the _____ form of NADH.
reduced; oxidized
NAD+ the oxidized form (fewest electrons!)
–Becomes reduced to form NADH
–Accepts e- during redox rxns
NADH the reduced form (most electrons!)
–Becomes oxidized to form NAD+
–Donates e- during redox rxns
In glycolysis, for each molecule of glucose oxidize to pyruvate, ___________________
four molecules of ATP are produced, and two molecules of ATP are used.
In total, 4 ATP are produced…however, it takes 2 ATP to make those 4 ATP so the net yield is 2 ATP molecules.
Match the function with the structure’s letter. Some letters may not be used while others may be used more than once.
Site of pyruvate oxidation-Matrix
Site of oxidative phosphorylation-Inner Membrane
Site of the Citric Acid Cycle-Matrix
Increase capacity of mitohondria to synthesize ATP-Cristae
Accumulates a bunch of protons (H+) during ETC-Intermembrane Space
Fifteen glucose molecules have been oxidized under aerobic conditions. How many CO2 molecules were produced? Enter a number below.
Enter a whole, numerical number
90 (with margin: 0)
Each molecule of glucose oxidizes 6 CO2 molecule. 15*6 = 90.
What molecule is an output of pyruvate oxidation and an input for the citric acid cycle?
Acetyl CoA
What is the effect of decreased levels of H+ ions in the intermembrane space of the mitochondria?
Decreased ATP production.
The ETC in oxphos increases the levels of hydrogen protons (H+) in the intermembrane space. Therefore, chemiosmosis is increased with more H+ available. Increased ATP production is the result of the flow of hydrogen protons from the intermembrane into the mitochondrial matrix.
During cellular respiration, what happens to the 6 oxygen molecules (O2)?
All 6 are reduced to H2O.
During cellular respiration (thru a series of enzymatic reactions) glucose is oxidized and produces CO2 and Oxygen is reduced and produces H2O.
Chlamydomonas is a unicellular eukaryote that you worked with in lab. One of your “Chlamy” had a busy morning and underwent multiple rounds of glycolysis, producing 64 total molecules of pyruvate. How many molecules of ATP did this Chlamy gross during the investment payoff phase?
128
If Chlamy produced 64 molecules of pyruvate it underwent 32 rounds of glycolysis, right?
32 rounds of glycolysis would GROSS 128 molecules of ATP, but NET 64.
Why is glycolysis considered to be one of the first metabolic pathways to have evolved?
It does not require oxygen.
Nearly every organism does it.
It does not involve organelles or specialized structures.
It does produce much less ATP than does oxidative phosphorylation but that is not why it evolved first.
The role of NADH in cellular respiration is to:
donate electrons during redox reactions and become oxidized to form NAD+
NADH the reduced form (most electrons!)
–Becomes oxidized to form NAD+
–Donates e- during redox rxns
Most CO2 from cellular respiration is released during
the citric acid cycle.
Harvests the remaining extractable energy from the glucose molecule and releases the remaining 4 CO2
Which of the following organisms perform aerobic cellular respiration?
All of the above
All of these organisms do aerobic respiration.
Which molecule is a common output of glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, AND the citric acid cycle?
NADH
ou go to your favorite chicken place and get tenders with a side of sweet BBQ sauce. Which components of your meal provides the most energy (in the form of carbohydrates) to help power cellular respiration?
The breading on the tender.
The BBQ sauce
Which two components of this meal have the most carbs/sugar in them? Breading and BBQ sauce.
Meat = protein
Oil = lipids
Water = nothing
Parsley = micro-nutrients (sodium, potassium, etc.)
Fermentation relies on which of the following stage(s) of cellular respiration?
Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs under anaerobic conditions (lack of oxygen), like fermentation. Krebs’ cycle and electron transport chain occurs under aerobic conditions (requires oxygen).
If prokaryotes do not have mitochondria, then where are the enzymes for cellular respiration located?
In the plasma membrane
Prokaryotes absolutely DO respiration; however Prokaryotes do NOT have mitochondria or a nuclear membrane.
Ribosomes are were proteins are made (and prokaryotes DO have them).
Prokaryotes DO have cytoskeletons, but this is not where the machinery for respiration is. That machinery is in their membranes.
Where does cellular respiration occur in plants?
In their mitochondria.
The final electron acceptor for cellular respiration is:
Oxygen
Remember, oxygen is very electronegative meaning it’s going to be greedy about acquiring electrons. This high affinity for electrons makes oxygen a great acceptor for low-energy electrons. With the electrons, hydrogen is added to oxygen forming water as the final product.
In chemiosmosis, what is the most direct source of energy that is used to convert ADP + i to ATP?
Energy released from movement of protons through ATP synthase, down their electrochemical gradient
What is produced when yeasts undergo fermentation?
Ethanol & CO2
Yeasts (as well as other organisms) undergo alcohol fermentation and produce EtOH and CO2 in the process.
Lactic Acid Fermentation
Why is CO2 produced as a product in alcoholic fermentation, but not in lactic acid fermentation?
There is no carbon remaining to form the byproduct CO2 in lactic acid fermentation
In alcoholic fermentation, pyruvate (3-C) is converted in to ethanol (2-C). The byproduct is CO2.
In lactic acid fermentation, pyruvate (3-C) is converted in to lactate (3-C). There is no carbon remaining to form the byproduct CO2 in this reaction. Different organisms, different methods for recycling the electron carrier (NAD)
ATP is an important biological molecule that transports chemical energy within cells and powers many biochemical reactions. Which of the following correctly describes the structure of ATP and how it provides energy?
ATP contains a 5-carbon sugar, three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. Energy is released when the bond between the second phosphate group and third phosphate group is broken.
ATP is made of a 5-carbon sugar (ribose), three phosphate groups, and an adenine base. The phosphate groups are negatively charged, making the bonds between them unstable. When the bond between the second and third phosphate group breaks, energy is released.
In the image, what major process is occurring during #3?
The release of a bunch of CO2.
- Glycolysis
- Pyruvate Oxidation.
- Citric Acid Cycle
- Oxidative Phosphorylation
