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Philosophy And Ehtics > Problem Of Evil > Flashcards

Problem Of Evil Flashcards

1
Q

Define moral evil

A

Moral (or human) evil - suffering caused by humans acting in a way that is considered morally wrong eg, bullying, murder, rape, theft or terrorism

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2
Q

What is the premises of there is no evil? (3)

A
  • Evil is just a mere illusion from the human mind
  • humans do not see the whole picture
  • we focus on the pain
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3
Q

Who came up with the theory of the inconsistent triad?

A

J.L. Mackie

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4
Q

What is the premises of the inconsistent triad?

A

P1: God is omnibevolent, omnipotent, omniscient
P2: evil exist
C: God cannot exist

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5
Q

If God is omnibevolent, what would his approach to evil be?

A

He would not want people to suffer because he is all loving and would not want them to get hurt.

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6
Q

If God is omnipotent, what would his approach to evil be?

A

He would be able to stop evil because he has the power to do so.

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7
Q

If God is omniscient, what would his approach to evil be?

A

God would be able to stop evil because he has the knowledge.

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8
Q

What is the general statement for the irenaean’s theodicy?

A

Suffering = human development

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9
Q

What is the premises of the irenaean’s theodicy? (4)

A

1st: the world is imperfect
2nd: human learn to develop by themselves
3rd: we will reach perfection with God giving us a choice instead is controlling us (freedom)
4th: (conclusion) God permits evil

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10
Q

Define natural evil

A

Natural evil - suffering caused by events that have nothing to do with humans, and which are to do with the way the world is, eg, natural disasters such as volcanic eruptions, floods or earthquakes

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11
Q

What does the Augustine’s theodicy state? (3)

A
  • our suffering is the resultant of Adam and Eve’s sin
  • suffering is a punishment for our wrong actions
  • jesus’s death provides hope that we could be saved&raquo_space; because he was sent by God.
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12
Q

What does the process theodicy state that contradicts with the church?

A

God is not omnipotent&raquo_space; bound by natural laws and the universe has always existed

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13
Q

If God is not omnipotent, what does this link to the problem of evil?

A

He has no responsibility of problem of evil because he would not have he power to create it or destroy it.

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14
Q

Define the logical form of God

A

God cannot possibly exist because he’s contradicting to his attirubutes

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15
Q

Define evidential form

A

It is improbable or less likely for God to exist

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16
Q

What is the quote whitehead use to describe God?

A

“The fellow sufferer who understands”

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17
Q

What was the quote that St Augustine wrote to sum up the problem of evil?

A

‘Either God cannot abolish evil or he will not; if he cannot then he is not all-powerful; if he will not, then he is not all good’

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18
Q

When St Augustine wrote a quote to sum up the problem of evil, where was it written?

A

In ‘confessions’

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19
Q

What did Richard Swinburne claim that evil and suffering to a religious faith?

A

He claimed it was a challenge.

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20
Q

What was the quote that Swinburne stated about the problem of evil?

A

‘There is a problem why God allows evil, and if the theist does not have a satisfactory answer to it, then his belief in God is less than rational’

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21
Q

Where did the quote Richard Swinburne said about the problem of evil come from?

A

The existence of God

22
Q

In problem of evil, what did David Hume agree? (3)

A
  • either God is not omnipotent/ omniscient/ omnibevolent
  • or evil does not exist
  • if evil exist, then God does not exist
23
Q

Which book did David Hume agree that existence of God and evil cannot happen at the same time?

What year was the book written in?

A

Dialogues concerning natural religion (2006)

24
Q

What/ who did Anthony flew criticise on?

A

Religious believers who carried on believing in a loving God despite the existence of evil and suffering.

25
Q

What was the quote Flew used in problem of evil? (2)

A

‘Not it often seems to people who are not religious as if there was no conceivable event.. The occurrence of which would be admitted by sophisticated religious people to be a sufficient reason for conceding.. “God does not really love us”

26
Q

Name some solutions to the problem of evil. (4)

A
  • a punishment from God
  • a illusion
  • test of faith
  • God’s plan
  • process theodicy
  • ireanean’ theodicy
  • free will defence
  • augustine’s theodicy
27
Q

What are the criticisms for the augustinian’s theodicy? (6)

A
  • If humans were able to choose evil, then evil must have exited in the first place.
  • If the world was not perfect to start with, then God is to blame for evil and suffering.
  • In nature, suffering is vital for survival; things must die so that others might eat and live. God must have made the world this way.
  • God is unjust in allowing humans to be punished for Adam’s sin.
  • The existence of Hell as a place of eternal punishment contradicts the existence of an all-loving God.
  • If Hell was part of the design of the universe, and God knew that the world would go wrong anyway, why did he still allow it to happen?
28
Q

What did John Hick say in the problem of evil? (4)

A
  • God had to create humans at an epistemic distance.
  • This allowed humans to choose freely.
  • The world is imperfect for us to feel pain and develop positive qualities.
  • If God constantly interfered, then humans would not develop.
29
Q

Define epistemic distance

A

God keeps a distance from humanity in order to not overwhelm.

30
Q

Define counter-factual hypothesis

A

If God interferes, then humanity cannot develop.

31
Q

What was the quote John Hick stated in the problem of evil?

A

He stated that the world is: ‘rather well adapted to the quite different purpose of “soul-making”.

32
Q

Why is the ‘goodness of robots’ a problem?

A

We automatically love God without thought and this is not the most loving thing because we have no freedom or choice.

33
Q

Name a person who criticizes the Irenaean theodicy and state what he says and in what book.

A

D.Z. Phillips argued in ‘The Concept of Prayer’ that love can never be expressed by allowing suffering to happen.

34
Q

What are the criticisms of the Irenean theodicy? (3)

A
  • Suffering does not always result in positive human development
  • Suffering can produce nothing but misery and suffering
  • Why are there such extremes of suffering and do such happenings really produce good?
35
Q

What are the criticism of the process theodicy? (4)

A
  • It denies that God is omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent.
  • God seems to allow suffering and wrong doing.
  • Is this God a being worthy of worship?
  • Does good outweigh evil?
36
Q

What is a criticism of the free will defence?

A

It does not fit with the sound of an all-loving God.

37
Q

What did J.L. Mackie say that can be used as a criticism for the free will defence?

A

‘There was open to him [God] the obviously better possibility of making beings who would act freely but always go right. Clearly, his failure to avail himself of this possibility is inconsistent with his being both omnipotent and wholly good.’

38
Q

What is the view of the monism? (4)

A
  • They believe that the universe is good
  • Evil is just an illusion of the mind.
  • We feel suffering only because we cannot see the whole picture.
  • God is all-loving therefore there must not be evil
39
Q

What is the criticisms of monism? (4)

A
  • There is real suffering and evil.
  • It does not explain why a loving God would allow humanity to suffer from an illusion.
  • If evil is only an illusion, why should we bother to be good?
  • If we were doing evil, then how would we know anyway, since it is an illusion.
40
Q

What is the free will defence? (5)

A
  • The world is logically necessary environment for humans to develop.
  • It provides freedom to make choices, both good and evil.
  • Without such choices, people would not be free.
  • God cannot intervene otherwise he is intervening with human’s freedom.
  • People must take our responsibilities seriously.
41
Q

Quote some quotes Swinburne used in the free will defence. (3)

A

‘If men are to have knowledge of the evil which result from their actions or negligence, laws of nature must operate regularly: and that means that there will be victims of the system’

‘The less he allows men to bring about large-scale horrors. The less freedom and responsibility he gives them’

‘If there is always another chance there is no risk’

42
Q

What does the process theodicy state? (6)

A
  • The universe is a continuous creativity.
  • The process produces good and evil.
  • God is partly distinct and part of the universe.
  • God can feel the effects of evil and suffering because he is part of the universe.
  • God started of the evolutionary process> therefore he is partly to blame for suffering and evil.
  • God does not have total control and humans are free to ignore him
43
Q

Define epistemic distance

A

God keeps a distance from humanity in order to not overwhelm.

44
Q

Define counter-factual hypothesis

A

If God interferes, then humanity cannot develop.

45
Q

What was the quote John Hick stated in the problem of evil?

A

He stated that the world is: ‘rather well adapted to the quite different purpose of “soul-making”.

46
Q

Why is the ‘goodness of robots’ a problem?

A

We automatically love God without thought and this is not the most loving thing because we have no freedom or choice.

47
Q

Name a person who criticizes the Irenaean theodicy and state what he says and in what book.

A

D.Z. Phillips argued in ‘The Concept of Prayer’ that love can never be expressed by allowing suffering to happen.

48
Q

What are the criticisms of the Irenean theodicy? (3)

A
  • Suffering does not always result in positive human development
  • Suffering can produce nothing but misery and suffering
  • Why are there such extremes of suffering and do such happenings really produce good?
49
Q

What are the criticism of the process theodicy? (4)

A
  • It denies that God is omniscient, omnipotent, omnibenevolent.
  • God seems to allow suffering and wrong doing.
  • Is this God a being worthy of worship?
  • Does good outweigh evil?
50
Q

What is a criticism of the free will defence?

A

It does not fit with the sound of an all-loving God.

51
Q

What did J.L. Mackie say that can be used as a criticism for the free will defence?

A

‘There was open to him [God] the obviously better possibility of making beings who would act freely but always go right. Clearly, his failure to avail himself of this possibility is inconsistent with his being both omnipotent and wholly good.’

52
Q

What is the view of the monism? (4)

A
  • They believe that the universe is good
  • Evil is just an illusion of the mind.
  • We feel suffering only because we cannot see the whole picture.
  • God is all-loving therefore there must not be evil

Philosophy And Ehtics (5 decks)

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