Problem 7

Question 1

When assessing the differences among people in their tendencies to behave in ways related to a certain trait, the context of the situation matters a great deal.

But why is the situation not sufficient enough to assess one personality trait, meaning why can’t we guess how a person will behave in a situation, based on how he/she behaved in a different situation ?

Answer 1

People still differ consistently in their overall level of a given trait, as observed across many situations

–> important to assess peoples overall patterns of behavior

e.g.: effect of aggregating

Question 2

Within person variability

Answer 2

Occurs when the same person acts very differently on different occasions

Question 3

Person argument

Answer 3

Suggests that due to the fact that behavior is determined in large part by a persons traits, a given individual will act similarly much of the time

Question 4

Situation argument

Answer 4

Suggests that due to the fact that the immediate situation is the primary determinant of behavior, a given individual will act very differently on different occasions

Question 5

Interactionism

Answer 5

Suggests that the processes whereby people react to changing situations should be assessed + personality consists of the differences between individuals in how they react to situations

–> finds middle ground between situationists + personists, BUT puts more emphasis on situationists

Question 6

Density-distributions approach

Answer 6

Involves

a) observing people as they conduct their daily lives
b) measuring large numbers of their behaviors in a manner that allows their similarity to be assessed

–> used to determine how differently the typical person acts on different occasions

Question 7

Fleeson’s whole trait model

Answer 7

Suggests that personality traits are stable distributions of momentary states of any of the dimensions

–> shifts occur in response to situational or personal events

Question 8

Within person fluctuations for most of the Big 5 are attributable to fluctuations in affect/emotional states.

How does this show in any of the big 5 traits ?

Answer 8

1. Extraversion + Neuroticism are strongly related to affect
2. Conscientiousness is independent of affect, more dependent on the situation

Question 9

Personality state

Answer 9

Refers to short-term variation in a personality construct

–> doesn’t disqualify the personality trait

Question 10

What are possible factors that contribute to within person variability ?

Answer 10

1. Life experiences

e.g.: work life different than private life

2. Approach or avoidance nature of an event

• will trigger the cognitive, affective + behavioral content of avoidance and approach-oriented personality, meaning your dispositions will determine how you will react in any given situation

Question 11

Personality situation transactions

Answer 11

People create/shape their environment based on their personality traits/dispositions

ex.: extraverted - engage in more social situations

Question 12

Why do people choose + create their daily environments + situations according to their personality ?

Answer 12

Because these environments are compatible with their behavioral dispositions (Personality)

–> thus, one might also change situations from incompatible to compatible when uncomfortable

Question 13

Each trait of the big 5 is associated/compatible with a certain type of behavior.

Which are those ?

Answer 13

1. Neuroticism

• being alone + more intense negative effect

2. Extraversion

• being with friends

3. Openness to experience

• engaging less often in passive leisure activities (TV)

4. Conscientiousness

• tenacious goal pursuit + high task orientation

5. Agreeableness

• being more cooperative + avoiding conflicts

Question 14

Is age significant for personality-situation transactions becoming stronger ?

Is it a moderator ?

Answer 14

No,

it was first assumed that they might increase with age due to increasing selectivity, but this wasn’t the case

–> BUT: age differences occurred in situations with few constraints

Question 15

The following graph is consistent with the … view.

This suggests a … within variation.

Answer 15

1. Personist
2. Small

Question 16

Ecological momentary assessment task

(EMA)

Answer 16

Collecting info based on self reports

–> participants have to report multiple times a day how they feel etc, which then results in a density report

Question 17

The following graph describes the … view.

This suggests a … within variation.

Answer 17

1. Situationist
2. High

Question 18

The following graph describes the … view.

This suggests a … within variation.

Answer 18

1. Personist
2. Small

Question 19

The following barcharts describe the … view.

This suggests a … within variation.

Answer 19

1. Situationist
2. High

Question 20

what are types of research fraud?

Answer 20

fabrication, not doing the study, altered data, plagiarism, duplication of publication

Question 21

what are the underlying issues with research?

Answer 21

pressure to publish and for positive results, normalizing of unethical practices, marketization of higher education, funding issues

Question 22

what does leader visibilty mean?

Answer 22

the extent to which follows can observe a leader’s behavior -> high visibility allows for more detailed observations while low leads to simplified perceptions based on prototypes

Question 23

what is implicit leader theory?

Answer 23

proposes that followers judge leaders based on their fit with leadership prototypes, often seeing narciisits as effective when they cannot closely observe their behaviors

Question 24

what is leader distance theory?

Answer 24

suggests that social and psychological distanc ebetween leaders and followers leads to more superficial evalutations based on limited information

Question 25

what is leader visibility’s role?

Answer 25

when followers have fewer oppertunities to observe the leader (low visibility) they rely on prototypes and tend to rate narcissitic leaders more positively VS with high visibility the toxic behaviors become more evident reducing the leaders perceived effectiveness

Question 26

what does personality-situation transactions mean?

Answer 26

how individuals select, change, create, or interpret situations based on their personality situations based on their personality traits