Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Personality and Individual differences W EDIT > Problem 3 > Flashcards

Problem 3 Flashcards

1
Q

Personality trait

A

Refers to differences among individuals in a typical tendency to behave, think, or feel in some conceptually related ways, across a variety of relevant situations + across some fairly long period of time.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Structured personality inventories

A

Are questionnaires that are used for obtaining self- and observer reports of personality

–> “structured” as the individuals being measured are given predetermined options for responding to various items

ex.: answering on yes/no-basis, 1-5 scale etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Good reliability

A

Occurs when the average response of items is a good indicator of the element that is coming to those items

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Good content validity

A

Occurs when the items describe a wide array in interests, all of which are related to the element being measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Unstructured personality inventories/ Projective tests

A

Are questionnaires that allow individuals to respond in his/her unique way

  • has incremental validity
  • contrast to structure personality inventories
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Projection

A

Is a defense mechanism by which individuals attribute their personality traits to others

–> concept that originated with Freud

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Projective techniques

A

Involve presenting respondents with an ambiguous stimulus and asking them to disambiguate the stimulus

ex.: Rorschach inkblot

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Projective hypothesis

A

States that respondents project aspects of their personality in the process of disambiguating unstructured test stimuli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Rorschach inkblot test (Projective test)

A

Contains a series of 10 inkblot patterns that an individual has to describe + interpret

–> designed to look like one thing in one part + something contradictory in another part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Exner Comprehensive System

(ECS)

A

Refers to a set of instructions that establishes detailed rules for

  1. Delivering the inkblot exam
  2. Interpreting the responses

–> provides norms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Measure conventionality

A

Refers to the

a) fitness

  • adequacy of the object identified, considering its contours + location

b) frequency

  • how often the particular object was named spontaneously
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Criticism on ECS ?

A

1. Low reliability

2. Validity

  • it is poorly equipped to identify most psychiatric conditions

3. Excessive false positives

  • often characterizes normal people as having emotional problems
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Thematic apperception test (TAT)

(Projective test)

A

Is a method that asks respondent to formulate a story based on ambiguous scenes in drawings on 31 cards

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the thematic apperception test (TAT)?

A

It is supposed to elicit information about a persons view of others, their attitudes towards the self + expectations about relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Criticism on Thematic apperception test (TAT)?

A

1. Low test-retest reliability

  • there is no standardized administration of this test

2. Over-diagnosis

  • lacks an effective scoring system
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 basic strategies/approaches to developing personality inventories ?

A
  1. Empirical strategy
  2. Factor-analytic strategy
  3. Rational strategy
17
Q

Empirical strategy

A

Involves writing down a large number of items that describe a wide variety if actions, thought + feelings on various characteristics

18
Q

Factor analytic strategy

A

Involves sorting correlated items together into the same category, while putting uncorrelated items into different ones

  • each group of correlated items measures different traits
  • can only be used when you already have the items
19
Q

Rational strategy

A

Involves writing down items specifically for the purpose of assessing each trait to be measured

  • conducted rationally in the sense that one tries to produce item that would rationally be considered relevant for the trait

–> HIGHEST VALIDITY IN RELIABILITY

20
Q

When are the 3 different strategies to developing inventories used ?

What is the goal of research then ?

A

Rational

  • when generating items for a given scale + guiding the selection of items for final scale

Factor analysis

  • when making sure that items intended to measure directs traits really belong to those different factors

Empirical approach

  • for empirical data, such as correlations with observer ratings on a trait
21
Q

Lexical hypothesis

A

States that people will want to talk about personality traits that they view as having important consequences in their lives

–> the’ll therefore invent some words to describe people who have high/low levels of these important traits

22
Q

Lexical approach (Strategy)

A

Using an already existing list of personality-descriptive adjectives that can be found in dictionaries of any language

23
Q

Big five inventory (BFI)

A

Refers to a short measure of personality descriptive adjectives

  1. Extraversion
  2. Agreeableness
  3. Conscientiousness
  4. Emotional stability
  5. Openness to experience
24
Q

NEO-PI-R (Inventory)

A

Is a personality inventory that examines a person’s Big Five personality traits

  • longer + revised
  • Includes Neuroticism instead of emotional stability

=> Lexical approach

25
Q

Hexaco model of personality

(Inventory)

A

Is a six-dimensional model of human personality that includes

  1. Honesty-Humility (H)
  2. Emotionality (E)
  3. Extraversion (X)
  4. Agreeableness (A)
  5. Conscientiousness (C)
  6. Openness to Experience (O)
  • full length: 200; half-length: 100
  • differentiated among several languages which is how they came up with (H) => Lexical approach
26
Q

What did comparisons between the 3 strategies to developing inventories show ?

A
  1. Rationally constructed self-report scales, showed higher correlations with observer reports + in general higher validity
  2. Little difference among the three approaches in their usefulness in conducting personality inventories
27
Q

The Rorschach is a problem solving task that is based on perception.

What was its intention ?

What do the stimuli intend to evoke ?

A
  1. Providing some suggestive + obvious shapes that many people will see/identify
  2. Providing perceptual “hooks” that will trigger personalized + unique imagery
    * making the images look like one thing in one part, but look like something else contradictory in another part
28
Q

Criticism on Rorschach inkblot test ?

A

1. Lacks standardized procedures + a set of norms

  • needed because seemingly trivial differences in the way an instrument is administered can affect a persons response
  • Norms might provide a reference point

2. Poorly equipped to identify most psychiatric conditions

29
Q

Draw-a-Person test

(Projective test)

A

Is a projective task that asks the respondent to depict a human being

30
Q

Why was the MMPI revised ?

A
  1. Language change
  2. Different problems to be assessed
  3. Differing norms

–> necessary, but attention to failures that can be made

31
Q

Incremental validity

A

A test adds new and useful information in a way that others can’t

Personality and Individual differences W EDIT (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions