Problem 5: Schemas Flashcards
What are schemas? What are they influenced by?
Mental frameworks of knowledge, they’re usually task oriented
They are influenced by the amount of expertise of an individual and their individual context
What are 4 characteristics of schemas?
- they can include other schemas
- they can vary in how abstract they are
- they encompass typical, general facts that can vary from one instance to another
- they can include information about relationships
What 2 are functions of schemas? What is a limitation of schemas?
they can be used for drawing inferences and if-then situations (cause –> effect)
limitation: they can encourage stereotypes when they are inappropriate
What resulted from research on scripts?
scripts seem to guide what people recall and recognise, people were more likely to characterise script like sentences as having come from stories that were previously told, that people in the free recall condition
What are the 4 necessary and sufficient features according to Ghosh and Gilboa?
- associative structure
- basis on multiple episodes
- lack of unit detail
- adaptability
What were Bartlett’s 2(/3) errors in recall?
Rationalisation: making recall more rational and in line with a person’s cultural expectations
Levelling: omitting further details from recall
(Sharpening: selecting certain detail for embellishment)
What is boundary extension?
tendency to remember having viewed a greater portion of a scene than was actually presented
what is abstraction?
storing the meaning of a message rather than the exact words
What is the constructive approach to abstraction? What is the issue?
People integrate sentences into larger ideas, pay attention to meaning rather than the exact words (there’s poor verbatim memory). the issue is that people think they remember a sentence when it is similar in meaning but it is not similar in words. once ideas are entangled, we cannot untangle them.
What is the pragmatic approach to abstraction?
People pay attention to the aspect of a message that is most relevant to their current goals. If recall of the complete sentence is needed, they will focus of that. If recall of only the meaning of the sentence is needed, they will focus on getting a grasp of the meaning.
What was the result of a study on the relevance of context to comprehension of a story?
prior knowledge does not guarantee its usefulness for comprehension
What are the 3 levels of representation in a text?
Surface code, text base, and situation model
what are the 2 types of structures for discourse?
Local structure vs global structure
What are the 3 types of inferences that can be drawn from a text?
- Logical = depends on meaning of words (widow = female)
- Bridging = coherence between first and second part of a text
- Elaborating = adding details to the text by using world knowledge to expand the information it contains.
What is the constructivist approach to discourse comprehension?
people construct a relatively complete model of what they are told, the make elaborate inferences even when it is not needed. A lot of automatic inferences are made.
