Problem 5

Question 1

generalization

Answer 1

= apply findings from a sample to lager population
–> studies who’s findings can be applied across a variety of research & subjects populations processes a high degree of external validity

Question 2

sample

Answer 2

• -> small subgroup choose from lager population
• need sample of population (normally not possible to study entire population)
• sometimes also subpopulation (costs, other factors max limit you to study certain region)

Question 3

(simple) random sampling

Answer 3

= if everyone has an equal chance pf being chosen for the study
–> pick randomly participants form population to take pace in your study
(still does not guarantee random)

Question 4

nonrandom samples

Answer 4

• not easy to really get random people for study to be able to apply findings to a whole generation
• -> often just college students for study
  e. g. internet study –> only people who can work on the internet/ animal subjects

Question 5

laboratory research

Answer 5

= bringing participants into laboratory environment of your creation (experimenter as a lot of control)

Question 6

field research

Answer 6

= conduct your research in participants neutral environment (less control of researcher)
- must select participants while in their natural environment

Question 7

volunteer bias

Answer 7

• people who volunteer for a study also not presentative for whole population
• -> experienced as more open, educated, more interested in the study,..

Question 8

systematic sampling

Answer 8

pick randomly e.g. every 4th person from your list of participants

Question 9

stratified sampling

Answer 9

divide population in characteristics and take same amount of participants from each group (e.g. 5 black, 5 white..)

Question 10

proportionate sampling

Answer 10

dividi population in groups & calculate % of these groups in population

• -> take same % of participants of different group in your study
  (e. g. in population 60% asian –> in experiment 60% are asian)

Question 11

cluster samling

Answer 11

= naturally occurring groups of subjects and randomly selecting certain clusters

–> multistage sampling: selecting individuals from those clusters

Question 12

basic sampling ideas

1. representative sample
2. non-representative sampling
3. random sampling
4. non-random sampling

Answer 12

1. matches characteristics of the population
2. biased
3. identify the population and then draw a random sample from it
4. choosing special individuals/ subject pools
   e. g. only university students/ internet research/ animal subjects (same breed, sex etc.)

Question 13

kinds of sampling

1. simple random sampling
2. stratified sampling
3. proportionate sampling
4. systematic sampling
5. cluster sampling

Answer 13

1. randomly selecting a number of people
2. dividing population into segments (=strata), then selecting a sample of equal size from each segment
3. proportions of people in the population are equal to proportions in your sample
4. every Kth element after a random start
5. naturally occurring groups of subjects and randomly selecting certain clusters
   - Multistage sampling: selecting individuals from those cluster