Problem 3

Question 1

1. experimental research

2. non-experimental research

Answer 1

1. manipulating an variable and testing it in an experiment

2. no manipulation of independent variable –> observe behavior i its natural manner (= representive observation)

Question 2

non-experimental research

1. ethnograpy
2. sociometry
3. archival research
4. case history
5. content analysis
6. naturalistic observations

Answer 2

1. = observation of a target audience; researcher becomes immersed in behavioral/ social system being studied (used to study cultures)
   - -> observing as non-/participant (act as a functioning member of a group/ observe as a non-member)
2. =measure social relations; identifying, measuring interpersonal relationships within a group
3. =research based on other literature, recordings, studies
4. =descriptive technique; observe, report on a specific case (individual person/ time event); no manipulation, determination of cause
5. = deals with written/ spoken data
6. =observing subjects in their natural environment without any attempt to control/ manipulate variables (high external validity, can’t be used to determine a causal relationship)

Question 3

meta analysis

Answer 3

= includes amount of studies that could find statistical relevant infos and looks for similar variables

Question 4

range effect

1. floor effect
2. ceiling effect

Answer 4

= variables have an upper/lower limit

1. = variable reaches lowest possible value
2. = variable reaches its highest possible value

Question 5

types of dependent variables:

1. behavioral measure
2. physiological measure
3. self-report measure
4. implicit measure

Answer 5

1. = record actual behavior of subject
2. = monitor bodily functions
   - peripheral nervous system (heart rate, breathing, skin conductance,..)
   - central nervous system (brain activity with fMRI, EEG, MEG,..)
3. = through ratings, questionnaires (subjective measures)
   - retrospective verbal report (past experience)
   - prospective verbal report (future situation)
4. = measures unconscious responses
   (most popular: implicit association test = people more quickly associate positive characteristics with favored group)

Question 6

experimenter bias

Answer 6

= researcher already expect certain outcome of the experiment, is therefor bias
–> expectancy effect

• single-blind technique
• double-blind technique

Question 7

pilot study

Answer 7

= test/ study before your real study/ experiment to prevent any problems that could occur

Question 8

reliability

Answer 8

= ability to produce similar results, when measure is repeated under identical conditions
- test-repeated reliability; split-half test; parallel-form reliability

Question 9

validity of measure

1. internal validity
2. external validity
3. face validity
4. content validity
5. criterion-related validity
6. concurrent validity
7. predictive validity
8. construct validity

Answer 9

= extent to which it measures what you intend it to

1. =extend to which experiment is free from errors
2. =need to be able to get generalized to whole population)
3. =how well measurement instrument measures what it was designed to
4. =how adequate content of test samples the knowledge, skills, behavior that it is intended to
5. =how adequately test score can be used to infer an individual’s value on some criterion measure
6. =scores on test made ate the same time
7. =comparing scores on test collected with value of criterion measure observed at a later time (really a delay between two tests)
8. =test is designed to measure construct, which is a variable, not directly observable, that has been developed to explain behavior on the basis of some theory (can be reliable but inaccurate);(has some more theories behind it)
   (criterion: has to be something that you really can measure)