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Bad Habits > Problem 4 - Pavlovian Conditioning > Flashcards

Problem 4 - Pavlovian Conditioning Flashcards

1
Q

Extinction

A
  • Reduction of Cued Eating Desires
  • inhibitory learning, i.e. learning that the CS+ does NOT predict the US anymore
  • the association still exists in memory
  • if conditioned individual is repeatedly exposed to a cue in the absence of a drug, extinction of the CR can occur
  • reduces the likelihood of further drug self-administration (cue avoidance for drug abstinence, eg. drug environment)
  • contexts play important role
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2
Q

Spontaneous Recovery

A
  • Conditioned response reoccurs after some time. The learning has not been completely forgotten. After some time you go back to your ‘normal’ state.
  • -> i.e., after a period of successful dieting
  • -> relevant aspect: time
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3
Q

Individual Differences

A
  • Impulsivity
  • Ability to stop responding
  • Weak response inhibition: worse extinction
  • Increased reward sensitivity: worse extinction
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4
Q

cue exposure

A

refers to a general process in CC theory

  • within this paradigm the subject is exposed to feared stimulus
  • cue (or stimulus) is presented
  • -> the response to the cue is dependent on the previous experience with that cue (animal studies)
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5
Q

Conditioned stimulus

A

cue that has repeatedly been paired with a positive reinforcer (e.g. heroin or another drug)

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6
Q

Conditioned response

A

the response that is elicited by the cue alone when the animal has been exposed to the cue repeatedly in combination with CS

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7
Q

exteroceptive cues

A

cues that occur before ingestion of a drug (e.g. sight, smell, taste etc.)

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8
Q

interoceptive cues

A

can range from sensation of a drug entering the stomach to effects of drug on neuroreceptors

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9
Q

Priming dose effect (appetiser effect)

A

one dose of a drug may act as a cue for further drug ingestion

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10
Q

Primary positive reinforcers

A

animal will readily learn to self-administer these drugs (addictive drugs) as they can produce intensively positive hedonic mood effects

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11
Q

Withdrawal effects

A

can be exhibited by intense negative affect and powerful physiological reactions & ability of drug to relieve them

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12
Q

relapse

A

only occurs, by definition, in presence of the drug

- cue exposure allows for more precise method to study the phenomenon of relapse

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13
Q

Cue exposure with Response Prevention (CREP)

A

treatment where drug addict is repeatedly exposed to stimuli associated with their addictive behaviour

–> aim is extinction of conditioned relation between drug cues & use

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14
Q

Issues with CERP

A

the cue reactivity does not generalise beyond treatment setting

  • there are phenomena that show potential inefficacy of CREP:
    1. spontaneous recovery
    2. renewal effect (ambiguity of meaning of CS)
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15
Q

Solution to Issues with CERP

A
  • CERP incorporating retrieval cues
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16
Q

retrieval cues

A

salient features of the extinction environment which facilitate retrieval of the inhibitory meaning of the CS when presented outside the extinction context

17
Q

Pavlovian-instrumental transfer

A

elicits the “wanting” of food” when CS is presented
(prevents successful extinction)

  • presentation of Pavlovian food cues can increase the rate or vigorous of operant eating or food-seeking through this process
18
Q

Renewal effect (context)

A

the return of responding after extinction with a change in context

extinguished responding returns when the CS or the response is tested in a different context

  • -> ABA, AAB, ABC (renewal is less likely to occur for AAB setting)
  • -> e.g. extinction of evening cravings during a holiday & return home
  • conditioned responding can transfer well to new contexts, however extinction is more context specific
19
Q

Resurgence

A

Relapse phenomenon

  1. Organism learns one operant response (e.g. lever pressing)
    + 2. phase: while extinction progresses, a second replacement behaviour is reinforced (e.g. pressing a second lever in box)
    + 3. phase: second behaviour is extinguished & first response recovers
  • original behaviour is extinguished in context of the new one being reinforced, might be interpreted as example of ABC renewal effect
20
Q

Reinstatement

A

the return of reposponding when the US is provided after extinction

simple exposure to biologicaly-significant stimulus after extinction can cause responding to food cue to recover

  • -> e.g. if reinforce is simply presented after lever pressing has been extinguished–> rat may return to lever-pressing
  • -> e.g. eating chips again when they are on the table, so individual eats them and within reinstates agin , thus eating chips when watching TV
  • several mechanisms underlying reinstatement.
    • presentation of the drug primes neural reward circuits
    • direct occasion setting by reinforcer itself

SOLUTION: providing occasional reinforce during extinction –> decoupling from reinforcement of next response, can reduce reinstatement effect

21
Q

rapid requisition

A

extinguished responding can quickly return when food cue or action is paired with the reinforcer again (context effect)

SOLUTION: occasional reinforcement during extinction may slow down relapse

22
Q

Family-based Behavioural Treatment (FBT)

A
  • standard weight loss treatment program for overweight & obese children
  • implement nutrition & physical activity
  • incorporates parents & children
  • 2/3 of children do not repond LT
23
Q

Hedonic eating

A

depends on basic learning processes –> is a significant contributor to eating past physiological needs

24
Q

Pavlovian conditioning

A

NS + biologically significant S –> CS to acquire eliciting function (e.g. craving on the couch)
- cue-food association

25
Q

Operant learning

A

learning to associate eating/food-seeking actions with reinforcing effects of eating ( operant action-outcome learning)

26
Q

Food cue reactivity

A

describes a strong motivation to eat, even in absence of hunger
–> facilitates overeating & obesity

overeating: strong motivator to eat, even in absence of hunger

27
Q

Counterconditioning

A

responding based on cue-food learning can be suppressed by pairing the cue with a different significant stimulus instead of a lack of reinforcement

–> renewal, spontaneous recovery & reinstatement can occur afterwards

28
Q

Punishment

A

responding reinforced food can be prevented after it has been suppressed by response-contigent punishment

29
Q

Operant extinction learning

A

involves suppression of specific response

30
Q

How to improve extinction learning (to decrease overeating)

A
  1. strengthen inhibition learning
    a) presenting separate food cues simultaneously
    b) manipulation of spacing of extinction trials
    c) variability of contexts during exposure (variety effect)
    d) drugs (that enable reconsolidation)
  2. increasing generalisation of learning
    a) exposure in contexts where overeating most probable
    b) retrieval cues
    c) occasionally reinforce food cue or operant response during extinction (to counteract rapid reacquisition)
    d) partial reinforcement extinction effect (PREE)
  3. take into account individual differences
    - learning responses
    -brain responses individual traits
    …
31
Q

Partial Reinforcement Extinction Effect (PREE)

A

subjects who are reinforced only occasionally during conditioning are slower to later extinguish their responding than subjects who are consistently reinforced

32
Q

Inhibition training

A

extinction procedures found to be more effective with stronger inhibition skills
these can be strengthened by

  • go/nogo inhibition training
  • imagery
  • prolonged food exposure
33
Q

go/nogo inhibition training

A

response to neutral/healthy foods (GO) while inhibiting response to unhealthy foods (NO-GO)

34
Q

imagery (inhibition training)

A

just imagining consuming specific foods by performing repetitive actions of bringing imagined food to mouth (no real food)
–> decreases desire

35
Q

Prolonged food exposure

A

exposed to food without eating leads to reduced reward-related neural activity

36
Q

Techniques to improve current exposure of overeaters

A
  1. exposure in overeating context
  2. repeat exposure frequently
  3. eat favourite foods under conditions that NOT cue overeating
  4. eat favourite foods under conditions that DO cue overeating
  5. violate id CS then US beliefs
  6. add inhibition training
37
Q

Cue Exposure Therapy (CET)

A

repeatedly & long-lasting exposed to palatable food cues (CSs), while refraining from intake (CS–>noUS)
- applied for overeating & binge-eating
CET leads to substantial reductions in cue-elicited food cravings & binge eating

Bad Habits (6 decks)

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