Problem 3 Flashcards
Emotion regulation
Refers to the processes by which individuals modify the trajectory of one or more components of an emotional response
–> it can thus influence the
- type
- intensity
- time course
- quality
Emotion regualtion tradition
Aims to understand the ways individuals regulate their emotions
Name the 5 families of emotion regulation strategies.
- Situation selection
- Situation modification
- Attentional deployment
- Cognitive change
- Response modulation
Situation selection (ER)
Involves choosing or avoiding some activity, people etc due ti their expected emotional impact
e.g. meeting up with a friend after having a bad day to be happier again
–> 2 types
- Confrontation
- Avoidance
Confrontation
Situation selection
Involves choosing to face a situation in spite of the negative emotions it might potentially elicit
–> efficient if it is likely to bring long-term benefits
Avoidance
Situation selection
Escaping the situation as a whole
–> usually done if the situation is unlikely to bring future benefits + no side effects
Situation modification
ER
Involves changing aspects of a physical situation to change its emotional impact, without simply avoiding the situation
–> 3 types
- Direct situation modification
- Help/support seeking
- Conflict resolution
Direct situation modification
Situation modification
Taking practical actions that directly impact the situation
e.g. rehearsing a presentation so it goes well and one is less stressed
Help/support-seeking
Situation modification
Seeking others assistance to modify the situation
e.g. asking a classmate for help to finish an assignment
Conflict resolution
Situation modification
Taking steps to defuse a conflict situation
Attentional deployment
Involves altering how we feel by selecting the info we attend to
–> 3 types
- Distraction
- Rumination
- Mindfulness
Distraction
Attentional deployment
Shifting in attention
–> either way from the situation or away from emotional aspects of the situation
THUS: decreases negative emotions
Rumination
Attentional deployment
Refers to a perseveration focus on thoughts + feelings associated with negative emotion-eliciting event
–> increases the duration + intensity of negative emotions
Mindfulness
Attentional deployment
Purposefully paying attention to the present moment in a non-judgmental way
–> decreases negative emotions, increases happiness
Cogntive change
Refers to changing the way we think in order to change the way we feel
–> 4 types
- Self-efficacy appraisal
- Challenge + threat appraisals
- Positive reappraisal
- Acceptance
Self efficacy appraisal
Cognitive change
Being confident that one is able to deal with the situation
Challenge + threat appraisals
Cognitive change
- Seeing a threat an believing that one cannot conquer these threats
- Seeing a challenge and while weighing the gains + losses, choosing to focus on gains/being optimistic
–> challenge appraisals leas to less stress + less HPA axis activity
Positive reappraisals (Cognitve change)
Reapprasing a situation or ones response to it in a more positive way
–> lead to decrease in negative emotion
Acceptance
Cognitive change
Accepting ones situation or ones incapacity to deal with it/uncontrollablity
–> decreases negative emotions + pain
Response modulation
ER
Involves modulating ones response according to a situation
–> types
- Emotion sharing
- Verbal/Physical aggression
- Substance use
- Expressive suppression
Emotion sharing
Response modulation
Expressing ones emotions in a socially shared language
–> sharing per se does not foster emotion recovery
BUT: still beneficial to mental health due to indirect effects
e.g. reinforcement of social bonds, transference of affection + warmth
Verbal/physical aggression
Response modulation
Whilst expressing emotions is generally benefial for mental + physical health
BUT: hostility leads to
- exaggerated cardiovascular reactivity in response to provocative stressors
- Heart disease
- Detrimental for social relationships
Substance use
(Response modulation
Moderate alcohol consumption can have health benefits
BUT: excessive consumption has poor effects on mental + physical health
Expressive suppression
Response modulation
Inhibiting the behavioral expression of unwanted emotions
e.g. hiding anger
BUT:
1. rarely changes the negative emotion experience
- increases activity of cardiovascular system
–> decreases well-being
Emotional intelligence tradition
EI
Places emphasis on individual differences rather than on basic processes
–> people scoring high on EI tests are believed to are good in regulating their emotions
When are individuals said to be emotionally intelligent ?
When they are able to carefully review the context before deeding whether + how they should regulate their emotion
The Tripartite model of EI consists of 3 levels.
Name them.
- Knowledge
- -> do i know how to - Abilities
- -> am i able to - Traits
- -> do i typically
… express my emotions constructively ?
EI and situation modification
High trait EI individuals
- more likely to modify the situation + take action to change things
- No more able than others to await appropriate opportunity before taking action
- More willing to seek help from friends + express both negative and positive emotions
EI and cognitive change
Higher trait EI individuals
- greater use of reappraisal strategies
- less denial strategies
- accepting life events more easily
EI and attentional deployment
High trait EI individuals
- more mindful attention awareness and pay greater, non-judgmental attention to sit.
- less ruminating
EI and response modulation
Negative relationship between EI & most response modulation strategies
What are the strongest + most consistent positive predictors of academic performance ?
- General ability
- prior achievement
- Conscientiousness
- Academic self-efficacy
- Effort regulation
Emotional intelligence ??
Negative predictors of academic performance
- Procrastination
- Avoidance goal orientations
- Test anxiety
Emotional intelligence ??
First theoretical model of EI
Salovey + Mayer
EI is a set of interrelated cognitive-emotional abilities
–> consists of a 3 branch hierarchy
- appraisal + expression
- regulation
- utilization of emotions
The ability EI
Petrides, Furnham
EI is a constellation of cognitive-emoitonal abilities that are located in frameworks of human intelligence
–> measured through maximum performance tests
THUS: different from TEI (Trait emotional intelligence)
Trait emotional intelligence
TEI
Refers to a constellation of emotional self-perceptions located at the lower levels of personality hierarchies
–> integrates the affective aspects of personality
TEI theory
Suggests
I. that TEI is a personality construct located in remaining constructs of human personality
II. a multidimensional hierarchical representation of TEI
- Primary level traits
a) sociability
b) self-control
c) emotionality
d) depositional well-being
- Finite affective-motivational traits
- Self-perceptions
Explanations for possible relations between TEI + achievement can be organized into 3 groups.
Name them
- Cognitive processes
- -> better cognitive functioning due to less negative emotions - Motivational processes
- -> more self-control - Interpersonal processes
- -> better at coordinating social relationships
What did empirical evidence show on the relations between TEI + achievement ?
Relation may be due to an indirect pathway
–> found that higher TEI was indirectly associated with better achievement via
- engagement coping strategies
- academic engagement
linked serially in a three-path mediated pathway (also direct links found though)
BUT: the 3 factors show there is positive relation and there may negative too
What is high EI generally associated with ?
- Improved mental health
- Better social problem solving
- Superior relationship quality
- Enhanced academic + job performance
Bar-On’s Mixed model
Ei refers to an array of non-cognitive abilities
–> these influence an individuals adaptive success by shaping his/her interpretation + response to environmental demand and pressures.
Integrative model of EI
Salovey + Mayer
EI refers to the junction of a set of emotional abilities that enable individuals
- to carry out accurate reasoning about emotions
- to use emotions + emotional knowledge to enhance thought
Mayer-Salovey-Caruso Emotional Intelligence Test
MSCEIT
Refers to a performance/ability-based measure of emotional intelligence
–> measures how well participants perform tasks + solve problems related to emotions
Why is the MSCEIT(ability-based model) usually favored ?
Since in intelligence research performance based approaches attempt to objectively isolate maximum performance (ability here)
Alexithymia
Refers to a condition characterized by diminished emotional awareness
–> difficulty describing ones emotions to others
Emotional awareness
Refers to the conscious experience of discrete emotional states
–> “feeligns”
Which brain regions play a significant role in emotional awareness ?
- Anterior Insula (AI)
- ACC
- vmPFC
Why is the conjoint activity of the AI + ACC thought to play a critical role in the generation of subjective emotional experience ?
Because,
the AI sends signals about state of ones own body to ACC to initiate selection + planning of motor/nonmotor responses to emotional events
Which brain regions play a role in emotion recognition ?
- Amygdala
- vmPFC
- Somatosensory cortex
- Insula
- ACC
Wich brain regions play a role in affective ToM ?
vmPFC
Which brain regions are consequently part of the emotion network ?
- vmPFC
- Unsula
- Amygdala
- ACC
