Problem 1 social cognition Flashcards
What is social cognition
cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behaviour
What is attribution
process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others
what are cognitive shortcuts
least complex cognitions that help us to handle the overhelming amount of social information in our enviroment
What kinds of biases exist
Primacy: first information is more important
Recency: later information has more impact
Positive impressions
Negative impressions
What are schemas
cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus
What kind of schemas exist
Script: about an event Person schema: about a known person eg. friend Role schema: Job eg. pilot Self schema: info about ourselves Content free schema
What is a Prototype
Typical defining features of a category
Social identity theory
group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition in terms of ingroup defining properties
self categorization
How the process of self categorization as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours
What is meant by acessibility
the ease of recall of categories or schemas that we have
What are the 3 possibillities for changing schemas
Bookkeeping
Conversion
Subtyping
p.62
What is social encoding
how external stimuli are represented in the mind of the individual
p.63
What are the 4 key stages of social encoding
pre- attentive analyses focal attention comprehension elaborative reasoning p.63
what is social inference
identification of information to form impressions and make judgements
What is salience
The property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli and attract attention
What is vividness
An intrinsic property of the stimulus itself
Can you explain the difference between salience and vividness
Salience is a property of the stimulus in relation to other stimuli, while vividness is intrinsic and not in relation to other stimuli
What are heuristics
cognitive shortcuts that provide adequatly accurate inferences for most of us most of the time
What kind of heuristics do we know
representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment
p.73ff
What are Attribution
The process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others
Different kinds of attributions
internal(dispositional attributions)
external (situational) attributions
What is correspondent inference
How we explain individuals behaviour
p.86
What are the 5 sources that correspondent inference uses
Freely chosen behaviour Non common effect Socially desirable Act had a direct impact on us (hedonic relevance) Act seemed intended to affect us
Kellys covariation model
people assign the cause of behaviour to the factor that covaries most closely with the behaviour
Kellys covariation model explains a potential cause by these 3 criteria
Consistency information: does tom always love at this
Distinctiveness information: does tom laugh at everything
Consensus information: does everyone laugh at this
What is the fundamental attribution error
We overestimate the influence of personality variables
We underestimate the influence of the situation
Self perception Theory
we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self- attributions
What is the cognitive miser
people use the least complex and demanding cognition that are able to produce generally adaptive behaviours
Correspondence bias
general attribution bias in which people have inflated tendency to see behaviour as reflecting stable underlying pesonality attributes
actor-observer effect
tendency to attribute our own behaviour externally (enviromental factors) and others behaviour internally (dispositional factors)
fundamental atribution error
based on the actor- observer effect there is a bias in attributing others behaviour more to internal than to situational causes
false consensus effect
seeing our own behaviour more typical than it really is. We assume in similar circumstances others would behave in the same way
self- serving bias
Attributional distortions that protect or enhance self esteem of the self concept. Ego
serving.
Self handicapping
publicly making advanced external attributions for our anticipated failure or poor
performance in a forthcoming event
What is ethnocentrism
Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups
Ultimate attribution error
Tendency to attribute bad outgroup and good ingroup behavior internally
and to attribute good outgroup and bad ingroup behavior externally.
What does the outcome bias say
People do things because they thought about the outcome
