Problem 1 social cognition

Question 1

What is social cognition

Answer 1

cognitive processes and structures that influence and are influenced by social behaviour

Question 2

What is attribution

Answer 2

process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others

Question 3

what are cognitive shortcuts

Answer 3

least complex cognitions that help us to handle the overhelming amount of social information in our enviroment

Question 4

What kinds of biases exist

Answer 4

Primacy: first information is more important
Recency: later information has more impact
Positive impressions
Negative impressions

Question 5

What are schemas

Answer 5

cognitive structure that represents knowledge about a concept or type of stimulus

Question 6

What kind of schemas exist

Answer 6

Script: about an event
Person schema: about a known person eg. friend
Role schema: Job eg. pilot
Self schema: info about ourselves
Content free schema

Question 7

What is a Prototype

Answer 7

Typical defining features of a category

Question 8

Social identity theory

Answer 8

group membership and intergroup relations based on self categorization, social comparison and the construction of a shared self definition in terms of ingroup defining properties

Question 9

self categorization

Answer 9

How the process of self categorization as a group member produces social identity and group and intergroup behaviours

Question 10

What is meant by acessibility

Answer 10

the ease of recall of categories or schemas that we have

Question 11

What are the 3 possibillities for changing schemas

Answer 11

Bookkeeping
Conversion
Subtyping
p.62

Question 12

What is social encoding

Answer 12

how external stimuli are represented in the mind of the individual
p.63

Question 13

What are the 4 key stages of social encoding

Answer 13

pre- attentive analyses
focal attention
comprehension
elaborative reasoning
p.63

Question 14

what is social inference

Answer 14

identification of information to form impressions and make judgements

Question 15

What is salience

Answer 15

The property of a stimulus that makes it stand out in relation to other stimuli and attract attention

Question 16

What is vividness

Answer 16

An intrinsic property of the stimulus itself

Question 17

Can you explain the difference between salience and vividness

Answer 17

Salience is a property of the stimulus in relation to other stimuli, while vividness is intrinsic and not in relation to other stimuli

Question 18

What are heuristics

Answer 18

cognitive shortcuts that provide adequatly accurate inferences for most of us most of the time

Question 19

What kind of heuristics do we know

Answer 19

representativeness heuristic
availability heuristic
Anchoring and adjustment

p.73ff

Question 20

What are Attribution

Answer 20

The process of assigning a cause to our own behaviour and that of others

Question 21

Different kinds of attributions

Answer 21

internal(dispositional attributions)

external (situational) attributions

Question 22

What is correspondent inference

Answer 22

How we explain individuals behaviour

p.86

Question 23

What are the 5 sources that correspondent inference uses

Answer 23

Freely chosen behaviour
Non common effect
Socially desirable
Act had a direct impact on us (hedonic relevance)
Act seemed intended to affect us

Question 24

Kellys covariation model

Answer 24

people assign the cause of behaviour to the factor that covaries most closely with the behaviour

Question 25

Kellys covariation model explains a potential cause by these 3 criteria

Answer 25

Consistency information: does tom always love at this
Distinctiveness information: does tom laugh at everything
Consensus information: does everyone laugh at this

Question 26

What is the fundamental attribution error

Answer 26

We overestimate the influence of personality variables

We underestimate the influence of the situation

Question 27

Self perception Theory

Answer 27

we gain knowledge of ourselves only by making self- attributions

Question 28

What is the cognitive miser

Answer 28

people use the least complex and demanding cognition that are able to produce generally adaptive behaviours

Question 29

Correspondence bias

Answer 29

general attribution bias in which people have inflated tendency to see behaviour as reflecting stable underlying pesonality attributes

Question 30

actor-observer effect

Answer 30

tendency to attribute our own behaviour externally (enviromental factors) and others behaviour internally (dispositional factors)

Question 31

fundamental atribution error

Answer 31

based on the actor- observer effect there is a bias in attributing others behaviour more to internal than to situational causes

Question 32

false consensus effect

Answer 32

seeing our own behaviour more typical than it really is. We assume in similar circumstances others would behave in the same way

Question 33

self- serving bias

Answer 33

Attributional distortions that protect or enhance self esteem of the self concept. Ego
serving.

Question 34

Self handicapping

Answer 34

publicly making advanced external attributions for our anticipated failure or poor
performance in a forthcoming event

Question 35

What is ethnocentrism

Answer 35

Evaluative preference for all aspects of our own group relative to other groups

Question 36

Ultimate attribution error

Answer 36

Tendency to attribute bad outgroup and good ingroup behavior internally
and to attribute good outgroup and bad ingroup behavior externally.

Question 37

What does the outcome bias say

Answer 37

People do things because they thought about the outcome