Probability Flashcards

1
Q

number tween 0 and 1 that indicates how likely an event is to happen

A

probability

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2
Q

all possible outcomes of an experiment

A

sample space

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3
Q

outcome of an experiment

A

event

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4
Q

repetition of an experiment

A

repetition of the experiement

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5
Q

process that produces results of a certain random distribution

A

experiment

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6
Q

of events / total # of outcomes (part/whole)

A

probability

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7
Q

probability of one event occuring

A

marginal probability

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8
Q

event that cannot be broken down into other events

A

elementary event

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9
Q

P of one event or the other or both happening

A

union probability

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10
Q

P of both events happening

A

joint probability

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11
Q

how is marginal P of A written?

A

P(A)

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12
Q

how is union P of A and B written?

A

P(A U B)

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13
Q

how is joint P written?

A

P (A and B) or P (A udU)

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14
Q

how is conditional probability written?

A

P (A given B) or P( A | B)

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15
Q

probability of A happening given that B has happened

A

conditional probability

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16
Q

greek letter for sample space

A

omega

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17
Q

What each repetition of an experiment called?

A

trial

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18
Q

if the occurrence of one event precludes another

A

mutually exclusive events

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19
Q

2 or more events that have no effect on the probability of occurrence of either

A

independent events

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20
Q

the occurrence of one event does change the other event

A

dependent events

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21
Q

2 events that encompass one sample space but have no intersection between them

A

complementary events

22
Q

general law of addition

A

P(A U B) = P(A) + P(B) - P(A and B)
read –> P A union B = marginal A + marginal B - P (A intersection or joint or udU B)

23
Q

general law of multiplication

A

P (A and B) = P(A) * P (B | A)
read –> joint probability is marginal P of A times P (B given A)

24
Q

Why is the intersection subtracted from the general law of addition?

A

so that only one intersection from each sample space is counted

25
How does the general law of multiplication change if A and B are independent events?
P (A and B) = P(A) * P (B | A) becomes P (A and B) = P(A) * P (B)
26
What is probability-weighted average of the possible outcomes of a random variable?
expected value
27
What is variance in terms of expected value?
expected value of the squared deviations subtracted from the variable's expected value
28
what is the measure of joint variability of two random variables?
covariance
29
what is the scaled variation of joint variability of two random variables?
correlation
30
what is the difference in covariance and correlation?
both show a relationship but correlation allows the strength of that relationship to be assessed
31
variable that contains the outcome of a chance experiment
random variable
32
2 types of random variables
1. discrete random variable 2. continuous random variable
33
random variable with only whole numbers as out comes + example
discrete random variable - dice, coins, choosing people
34
random variable that can have decimals as outcomes + example
continuous random variable - investment returns
35
math function that provides probabilities of occurrence of different possible outcomes in an experiment
probability distribution
36
the probability that a random variable takes a specific value
probability function
37
describe probability function as it concerns discrete vs continuous variables
discrete variable - probability of a variable being a specific number continuous variable - probability of a variable falling in a specific range
38
name discrete distributions:
1. bernoulli distribution 2. binomial distribution 3. poisson distribution 4. hypergeometric
39
distribution base on an experiment with only two possible outcomes "win or lose" + example
bernoulli distribution - coin flips
40
distribution based on repeated experiments described by bernoulli distributions + example
binomial distribution - repeated coin flips
41
describes distribution regarding probability of having a number of events within a certain space of time or area + example
poisson distribution - number of calls between 9a-5p or number of bacteria per square inch
42
what is the difference between binomial and hypergeometric distributions?
binomial - sampling with replacement hypergeometric - sampling without replacement
43
name continuous distributions
1. uniform distribution 2. exponential distribution 3. normal distribution 4. lognormal distribution
44
distribution where all the events share the same probability
uniform distribution
45
related to poisson distribution
exponential distribution
46
What is the difference between poisson and exponential distribution?
poisson has a certain number of occurrences in a time period exponential answers the probability of how frequent those occurrences are
47
what question does exponential function help answer and what is the greek letter associated?
what is the rate of failure = mu
48
bell curve
normal distribution
49
describe bell curve
symmetric where the mean equals the mode, unimodal
50
what is the area under a normal curve?
1
51
distribution that has a long tail and asymmetric bulk and follows a natural logarithm
lognormal distribution
52