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Immunology > Pro-inflammatory mediators > Flashcards

Pro-inflammatory mediators Flashcards

1
Q

Danger signals

A

Two types of danger signals: Pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMPs) and Damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMPs)
- Will have generalized patterns that indicate what sort of thing is attacking (eg. RNA virus vs. bacteria, etc.)

Immune system is always trying to determine which one is invading so they can respond accordingly.

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2
Q

Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)

A

Receptors expressed by immune cells that bind/recognize the danger signals from pathogens/injury
- Can be located on outside of cells and inside of cells

Trigger proinflammatory mediators

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3
Q

Pro-inflammatory mediators

A

Released in response to danger signals and pain so that the body begins to prepare the tissue for inflammation. Stops microbial growth and initiates first steps of adaptive immunity

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4
Q

Functions of pro-inflammatory mediators

A
  1. Increase blood flow
  2. Attract immune cells
  3. Promote vascular permeability
  4. Kill invading microbes
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5
Q

Main example groups of pro-inflammatory mediators

A
  1. Antimicrobial peptides (also called host defense peptides)
  2. Cytokines (Ex. interleukins)
  3. Acute Phase Proteins (haptoglobin, C-reactive protein, etc.)
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6
Q

Effect of pro-inflammatory molecules

A
  1. Increase blood flow
  2. Antimicrobial substances move from the blood into the site to start killing microbes
  3. Increase vascular permeability and allow more immune cells to arrive at site
  4. Immune cells (neutrophils and macrophages) will phagocytose pathogens
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7
Q

Discovery of Antimicrobial peptides

A

First found in skin secretions of frogs and many other amphibians
- Species that heavily rely on innate immunity

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8
Q

Antimicrobial molecules (host defense peptides)

A
  • Small molecules (12-50 amino acids long) expressed by almost all cells in the body
  • Have direct antimicrobial functions (antibiotic) and immune modulatory functions (stimulate innate and adaptive immunity)
  • Most commonly expressed along surfaces that are in contact with environment (mucosa, skin, etc.) but immune cells also have them.
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9
Q

Grouping of antimicrobial peptides

A
  1. Defensins
  2. Cathelicidins
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10
Q

How do antimicrobial peptides help destroy pathogens?

A

They are charged molecules which allows them to insert themselves into membranes of pathogens. Once a few insert themselves, they are able to join together through these charges and create pores or holes in the membrane

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11
Q

Crypts of digestive system

A

Contain antimicrobial peptides which act to destroy pathogens

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12
Q

Sharks displaying great wound healing abilities

A

Studies show they have very high levels of antimicrobial peptides which betters them for healing and survival

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13
Q

Functions of antimicrobial peptides

A
  1. Antimicrobial activity (control bacterial flora on mucosal surfaces)
  2. Chemoattract immune cells (both innate and adaptive)
  3. Activate antigen-presenting cells thereby linking innate and adaptive immunity (dendritic cells and macrophages)
  4. Immunomodulate (enhance immune response)- drive specific responses
  5. Wound healing
  6. And many others
    - Anti-endotoxic (LPS)
    - Promote phagocytosis
    - Promote release of histamines and other mediators
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14
Q

Cytokines

A
  • Secreted by many different cells
  • Many different types of cytokines
  • Act through specific receptors and specific signaling pathways
  • Facilitate communication between cells; involved in cell signaling
  • Have both local and systemic effects
  • Usually have short half-life
  • Variable concentrations (sometimes referred as a gradient)
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15
Q

Main cytokine examples

A
  1. Chemokines (CC)
  2. Interleukins (IL-)
  3. Interferons (IFN-)- interfere with viral replication
  4. Soluble factors- TNF, GM-CSF
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16
Q

Cytokine example: Interleukin-1

A
  • Promotes inflammation
  • Kills cells
  • Affects leukocytes
  • Affects the brain
  • Affects cell growth
  • Affects blood flow
  • Affects metabolism
17
Q

Acute phase proteins

A

Proteins that are found in serum during or shortly after infection, stress, injury
- Levels can increase within hours- days which can be a diagnostic marker for inflammatory response

Produced by different cells (many liver or intestinal cells), often in response to cytokines

18
Q

Specific examples of acute phase proteins

A
  • Serum amyloid protein (SAP)
  • C-reactive protein (CRP)
  • Fibrinogen
  • Mannose-binding lectin (MBL)
19
Q

Function of acute phase proteins

A
  • Control microbes and promote inflammation

NOTE: can have negative APP or positive APP. Negative will inhibit inflammation

20
Q

Serum amyloid protein (SAP)

A
  • Downregulates inflammatory response, Inhibits fever, neutrophil function (immunoregulatory)
  • recruits leukocytes (chemoattractant)
  • Major APP in dogs, cats, cattle and pigs
21
Q

C-reactive protein

A
  • Binds to bacteria, interacts with complement and affects macrophages and monocytes
  • Major APP in dog and pig, not in cats
22
Q

Haptoglobin

A
  • Binds hemoglobin
  • Removes iron from microbes
  • Inhibits phagocytosis
  • Major APP in pigs, cattle, sheep; moderate in dogs and cats
23
Q

Transferrin

A

Binds to iron to keep it away from bacteria

24
Q

Acute phase proteins in different species

A

Different proteins predominate in different species and have different usage of these proteins in different species

25
Q

Haptoglobin usage in determining shipping fever

A

Synthesized by hepatocytes in response to cytokines released from macrophages and other immune cells as a result of tissue damage, stress, inflammation, infection and bacterial components.

Potential as a diagnostic marker
- Haptoglobulin concentrations in serum of feedlot cows after shipping fever infection increased after infection

Immunology (8 decks)

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