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Immunology > Immune system introduction > Flashcards

Immune system introduction Flashcards

1
Q

Dangers to our system

A
  • Pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi)
  • Injuries
  • Cancer
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2
Q

Resident Bacteria in our body

A

We have bacteria living in different areas of our body that we need. If they get into other areas where they do not belong, our immune system would need to fight them.

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3
Q

Functions of immune system

A
  1. Maintain homeostasis
  2. Fight dangers
  3. Wound healing
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4
Q

Maintain homeostasis

A
  • A state of balance between host and pathogens, commensals, etc.
  • Distinguish harmful from non-harmful antigen
  • Keep pathogens at distance/under control
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5
Q

Fight dangers (immune cells fight invaders)

A
  • Immune response to dangers (pathogens, injuries, etc.)
  • Inflammation
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6
Q

Wound healing (specialized cells to heal)

A

Process of healing and resolving of the immune response

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7
Q

What can happen when your immune system does too much?

A
  • Autoimmune diseases
  • Allergies
  • Chronic inflammation
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8
Q

What can happen when your immune system does not do enough?

A
  • Infectious disease
  • Injuries
  • Cancer
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9
Q

Bovine tuberculosis

A

Typically appears as granulomas on the lungs. Disease can reappear during stressful periods.

This is due to the immune system making a wall in an attempt to protect the animal because it can’t do enough to fully fight it.

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10
Q

Infectious disease outbreaks

A
  • Another example of immune system not being able to respond quick enough
  • Also faster than we can respond to in attempts to stop it
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11
Q

Injuries, trauma, cancer

A
  • If severe enough, our bodies cannot do enough and we will die from it
  • Cancer: affects main organs and immune system can’t do anything about it.
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12
Q

What can have an affect on homeostasis?

A

Different co-morbidities can result in poor immune response and therefore an impact on homeostasis

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13
Q

Lamenitis

A

An example of a horses immune system doing too much

Inflammation- immune system attacking part of hoof

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14
Q

Allergies

A
  • An example of our immune system doing too much.
  • An unwanted reaction from our immune system targeting something that is harmless
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15
Q

Chronic Diseases

A
  • An example of our immune system doing too much
  • Disease is using all of the energy and animal ends up wasting away
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16
Q

Immunity throughout evolution

A
  • Innate immunity is older immune system; adaptive is newer
  • Simpler forms will rely on innate immunity. More complex animals will need innate immunity but will also have adaptive immunity.
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17
Q

Innate immune system

A
  • Present in all animals
  • Ready at all times
  • Rapidly deployed
18
Q

How does the innate system recognize an issue?

A
  • Recognition of danger signals (broad groups) –> GENERAL PATTERN (eg. Recognizes a virus but not what type of virus)
  • Response is mediated by a variety of cells and effector molecules
19
Q

Cells involved in innate immune system

A
  • Granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils)
  • Macrophages and dendritic cells
  • Mast cells
20
Q

Adaptive immune system

A
  • Only present in vertebrate animals
  • Delayed response because it takes a few days for the specialists to be assembled.
  • Has memory (efficiency is improved with frequent re-exposure)
21
Q

How does the adaptive immune system recognize an issue?

A
  • Very sophisticated. Use specific effector molecules to recognize specific part of the pathogen. Ex. Specific region of spike protein on COVID
  • Highly specific receptors that require gene rearrangement and maturation
22
Q

Cells involved in adaptive immune system

A
  • Lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes, T-lymphocytes, NK cells)
  • Macrophages and dendritic cells
23
Q

What do we use when using vaccines for immunity?

A

Using the memory component of the adaptive immune system

24
Q

Characteristics of immune cells

A
  • Mobile- can travel to almost all of the tissues within the body in either the blood or lymph
  • Recognize foreign materials –> distinguish self/non-self recognition
  • Ability to communicate with other immune cells
  • Equipped with effector molecules (weapons)
25
Q

How do immune cells travel?

A
  • Blood
  • Lymph
26
Q

Immune cells travelling in the blood

A
  • Arteries
  • High endothelial venules
  • Veins
27
Q

Immune cells travelling in the lymph

A
  • Extracellular fluid
  • Collected into lymphatics and drain into lymph nodes. Eventually flows into ductus thoracicus which flows into the blood
  • Have passive flow. No pump and no strong wall
28
Q

Function of lymph nodes

A

Lymph nodes are filters for free antigens and sites for antigen presentation

29
Q

Placement of Lymphatic Capillaries

A

Strategically placed closely to blood capillaries allowing for quick and efficient exchange

30
Q

Immune cell communication

A
  • They have a variety of molecules on their surface (surface receptors) that allow them to interact with other cells and the environment
  • Ligand binding to receptor often triggers the activation of signaling cascade leading to an effect
31
Q

What are the receptors on immune cells called?

A

Cell surface molecules or clusters of differentiation (CD molecules)

32
Q

Protein synthesis cell signalling pathway

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptor
  2. Activates enzyme (tyrosine kinase)
  3. Transduction- enzyme triggers activation of second messenger(s) that amplify and transmit signal
  4. Stimulates transcription factors
  5. Transcription factors result in protein synthesis and cell division (cellular response)
33
Q

Examples of what protein synthesis is needed for

A
  • Cytokine production
  • Antibody production
34
Q

Phosphorylation of proteins

A
  1. Ligand binds to receptors
  2. Activates kinase 1 which activates kinase 2 (uses ATP)
  3. Active protein kinase 2 activates phospholipase (using ATP)
  4. Active phospholipase triggers cell activation
35
Q

What is the key step to signal transduction and cellular activation?

A

The phosphorylation of the amino acid tyrosine by tyrosine kinase

Eg. Phosphorylation of tyrosine by tyrosine kinase results in phospholipase activation which leads to cell activation.

36
Q

Define cell signalling

A

The process of how cells receive, process, and evaluate information

37
Q

Decision Tree

A

Used to decide whether the immune cells respond to a situation

Questions:
1. Is this foreign?
- No= autoimmunity

  1. Is this dangerous?
    - No= allergy
  2. Is the infection resolved?
    - No= Full Immune response
38
Q

Effects conducted by activated immune cells

A
  • Secrete antibodies
  • Kill other cells
  • Migration
  • Release effector molecules such as cytokines or chemokines
39
Q

Antigen presentation (cell-to-cell communication) examples

A

Examples of how immune cells communicate with each other

  • Ex. B- cell showing antigen to T-cell. This tells the T-cell to go and get rid of this
  • Ex. Cell can see that another cell does not look right and will destroy it
  • Ex. B-cells have antibodies on cell surface that recognize certain foreign structures. Triggers the change of a B-cell to plasma cell. Plasma cells will secrete antibodies which can then go and bind to foreign material
  • Ex. Immune cells can released cytokines that are mediators that affect the function of other cells
40
Q

Plasma cells

A
  • Come from B-cells
  • Antibody secreting cell
41
Q

Organization of the immune system

A
  1. Skin and mucosal barriers
  2. Sentinel cells- initial troops. Not specialized. Antigen presenting cells (dendrites)
  3. Get them there through the lymphatics
    - Lymphatics connected to primary lymphoid organs (lymph nodes) and the secondary lymphoid organs (spleen)
  4. Need veins and arteries (blood vessels) to bring specialized troops there and back

Immunology (8 decks)

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