Private Pilot Stage 1 Checkride Flashcards
What do we use to mitigate risk?
PAVE acronym; pilot, aircraft, environment, external pressures
What is the difference between currency and proficiency?
Currency- have the training to be able to exercise privileges of specific rating; proficiency- your own personal skill set in regards to flying
Do you need to do anything special to be current?
3 T/Os & landings logged within the preceding 90 days; if you want to carry passengers at night, you need to have night currency
Can you be current but no proficient?
Yes; go up with an instructor to practice your skills
Can you be proficient but not current?
No- cannot fly without being current, and if you haven’t done 3 T/Os & landings within preceding 90 days, you are most like not proficient
What counts as 3 takeoffs and landings (day & night)?
Day- can do touch & go’s; nights- full stop, but can do stop and go’s on runway; can combine like 2 day T/Os & landings with 1 night T/O & landing to be night current
Does night currency count for day currency as well?
Yes, but cannot be day current and fly with passengers at night
When does a night landing count?
1 hr. after civil evening twilight to 1 hr. before civil morning twilight
What are the different types of medicals?
3 types- 1st class (ATC with 2nd and 3rd class privileges), 2nd class (2nd-in-command for airlines, commercial, and 3rd class privileges), 3rd class (private pilot, recreational pilot, flight instructor)
How long is a 1st class medical valid for?
Under 40 years- 12 CM, then reverts to a 3rd class medical until 60 CM after issuance; 40+ years- 6 CM, then reverts to a 2nd class medical for 6 CM
How long is a 2nd class medical valid for?
Under 40 years- 60 CM; 40+ years- 24 CM
How long is a 3rd class medical valid for?
Under 40 years- 60 CM; 40+ years- 24 CM
When do you need to log flight time?
Anytime you are pursuing a rating/certificate
Do you need to log if you took up passengers?
No; just need to be current and have 3 T/Os & landings logged for preceding 90 days
What do you need to enter in a logbook entry?
Date, total flight/lesson time, departure airport, landing airport, landings, type of aircraft and identification, name of safety pilot, type of pilot experience/training (solo, PIC, dual, instrument), day or night
Does you pilot certificate expire?
No, but need to keep up with flight reviews to be able to exercise privileges
What is a flight review?
Needs to be done every 24 CM with an instructor or DPE and consists of 1 hr flight time and 1 hr ground time
What do you need to have to solo as a student pilot?
Govt.-issued photo ID, medical, student pilot certificate, logbook with instructor endorsements
Can you solo at night as a student pilot? Can you solo in Class B airspace?
Only with appropriate endorsements from instructor and training
What limitations do students pilots have on their solo?
Cannot carry passengers, cannot fly for compensation or hire or furtherance of business, cannot fly internationally, cannot fly with a slight or surface visibility of less than 3 SM (day) or 5 SM (night), cannot fly without visual reference to surface
If you have an emergency, can you deviate from rules or ATC instruction?
Yes, but only to meet the extent of that emergency; cannot just do anything you want because of the emergency
When do you have to report accidents or incidents?
Fire in flight, injuries, system malfunctions, death within 72 hrs of accident or incident to the NTSB
If you have an off-airport landing that results in no injury, but on the way home from the flight a passenger gets seriously injured in a car accident, do you have to report the injuries to the NTSB?
No- only report incidents that are a result of a flight; did not happen between the time passengers boarded flight and when the flight landed
What do pilots use to determine if they are safe to fly?
IMSAFE acronym; illness, medication, stress, alcohol, fatigue, emotions/eating
What kinds of stress are there?
Acute and chronic; acute can be like being nervous for a checkride; chronic can be like money problems or family situations
Would you fly with acute or chronic stress?
Acute- yes; chronic- yes, if I can compartmentalize flying from stress
What kinds of fatigue are there?
Acute and chronic; acute can be like not sleeping well the night before a flight; chronic can be like sleep problems (sleep apnea)
Would you fly with acute or chronic fatigue?
Acute- yes, if I could combat fatigue with caffeine, a nap, or pushing back flight time; chronic- no
Why is it not good to fly when congested?
When congested, you cannot equalize pressure in your head/eustachian tube that connects your middle ear to your nose because mucus is blocking eustachian tube
What is the danger in flying without being able to equalize pressure in your head?
When you go up in altitude, pressure decreases and your head has a higher pressure; when you come down from altitude, the weight of the atmosphere is pushing down on your head and increasing on your head with an already high pressure
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen to the brain; 4 types: stagnant, histotoxic, hypemic, hypoxic
What is stagnant hypoxia?
When blood stops moving and cannot provide oxygen to the brain (pulling G’s or cardiac arrest)
What is histotoxic hypoxia?
Results from drugs or alcohol and impairs oxygen delivery to the brain
What is hypemic hypoxia?
Due to hemoglobin no properly binding to the red blood cells to deliver oxygen (carbon monoxide poisoning, blood donation)
What is hypoxic hypoxia?
Due to altitude and less dense air up in altitude; oxygen is more spread out and can’t get as much oxygen to the brain
How can you tell if someone has motion sickness?
Queasiness, nausea, sweaty, high body temperature/start pulling on their clothes, pale face, stops talking
What do you do to combat motion sickness?
Get a puke bag, focus on the horizon, and get down to the ground
What is the danger of using heaters?
Because the air for the heater comes in through a way that passes over a pipe that leads under the exhaust pipe, if there is a break in the exhaust pipe, exhaust and carbon monoxide can enter the cabin and result in carbon monoxide poisoning
Can you detect carbon monoxide?
Carbon monoxide itself is tasteless, odorless, and can’t be seen; CAS message on the PFD
How do you deal with carbon monoxide?
Get airflow into the cabin by opening vents, windows, doors, and get down to the ground as fast as possible; carbon monoxide poisoning happens very fast
What are the effects of carbon monoxide poisoning?
Tingling, numbness, headache, dizziness, weakness, confusion
What are NSA’s and the FAA’s rules about alcohol use?
FAA: 8hrs bottle-to-throttle, <0.04% BAC, no effects; NSA: 12 hrs bottle-to-throttle, 0.00% BAC, no effects
Why does NSA have different rules around alcohol use than the FAA?
Why is the FAA’s rule 0.04% BAC?
Because everyday things, like mouthwash, can have small amounts of alcohol in them, or like food cooked in alcohol can have traces of alcohol
What is the AOA?
Angle of attack- the angle between the relative wind and the chord line
What is a chord line?
An imaginary line from the leading edge of the wing to the back edge of the wing
What is the critical AOA?
The AOA at which if it is exceeded, lift can no longer be produced
What happens when the critical AOA is exceeded?
Lift is no longer created, and the wings become stalled
What are the forces acting on an airplane?
Lift, weight, thrust, drag
How is lift created?
Uses 2 principles: Bernoulli’s principle and newton’s 3rd law; Bernoulli’s principle: as air moves faster over the top of the wing camber, a low pressure area is created with a high pressure area under the wing, and the difference in pressure creates a force on wing that lifts; Newton’s 3rd law: every action has an opposite but equal reaction, so when the relative wind hits the underside of the wing, the wind gets pushed down and thereby pushes the wing upward, lifting it
How is thrust created?
Because the propeller is shaped like a wing, as air moves faster over the front part of the prop, there is a low pressure area created with a higher pressure area behind the prop (where airplane is), and the difference in pressure pulls airplane forward
Why is the propeller thinner at the end rather than the same thickness all the way through?
The prop rotates faster at the ends compared to the beginning, so if the prop were to be the same thickness all the way from root to end, more thrust would be created at the end, and more thrust at the ends would bend the propeller
What is weight?
The weight of the airplane, fuel, pilot and passengers
What is drag?
There are 2 types: induced and parasitic
What is induced drag?
Drag that results as a byproduct of lift; highest when at lower airspeeds and amount of induced drag reduces as you increase airspeed
What is parasitic drag?
3 types: form, skin friction, interference; form- drag from airflow over the fuselage; skin friction- drag from imperfections on the surface of the airplane; interference- drag from when two airstreams meet at a harsh angle
What axes does an airplane have?
Lateral, longitudinal, and vertical
Which flight controls control each axis?
Lateral- elevator/stabilator; longitudinal- ailerons; vertical- rudders
Where do the axes intersect?
At the center of gravity
What are the left-turning tendencies?
P-factor, gyroscopic precession
What is p-factor?
When the descending blade of prop on the right produces more thrust than the ascending blade on the left; descending blade has higher AOA than ascending blade
What is gyroscopic precession?
The force applied, which wants to move prop out of its plane of rotation, is felt 90 degrees from where applied and in the direction of rotation; happens when you rotate on takeoff; based on principle of rigidity in space
What types of stability are there?
Static and dynamic
What is static stability?
Stability of aircraft after being disrupted; 3 types: positive, neutral, and negative; positive- airplane tries to return to original condition; neutral- airplane continues on in new condition; negative- airplane’s new condition becomes exaggerated
What is dynamic stability?
Stability of aircraft over time after being disrupted, and need positive static stability to have dynamic stability; 3 types: positive, neutral, and negative; positive- airplane tries to return to original condition with oscillations becoming less variable; neutral- airplane tries to return to original condition with oscillations staying the same; negative- airplane tries to return to original condition with oscillations becoming more variable; need increasingly more correction going from positive to neutral to negative dynamic stability
Is an airplane more or less maneuverable if it has higher stability?
Less maneuverable; fighter jets are built to have negative stability but are therefore very maneuverable
What is a stall?
When the critical AOA is exceeded and the wings cannot produce lift
What are the indications of a stall?
Stall horn, buffet, nose drops
How do you recover from a stall?
Relax-max-roll; relax backpressure, max power, roll wings level and stay coordinated; if flaps are in- 1st notch out right away, 2nd notch at 64 kts and + rate VSI, 3rd notch at 76 kts and + rate VSI
What happens if you don’t stay coordinated in a stall?
Can enter a spin
What is a spin?
When both wings are stalled but on is more stalled than the other
How do you recover from a spin?
PARE acronym; power- idle; ailerons- neutral; rudders- full opposite of spin direction; elevator- forward to break stall
What do you need in your possession to go flying?
Pilot certificate, govt.-issued photo ID, medical
What preflight actions do you need to take?
NWKRAFT acronym; check NOTAMs, weight & balances, check for known ATC delays, runway lengths, alternate airport information, fuel information, T/O & landing distances
What do you use to determine weather?
Foreflight, AWOS
What documents are required to be in the aircraft?
ARROWS acronym; airworthiness certificate, radio license (international), registration, operating limitations, (POH), weight & balances, supplemental information (G1000 book)
Does the airworthiness certificate expire?
No, but need to stay on top of maintenance to have airplane remain airworthy
When does the registration expire?
State- 1 yr; federal- 7 yrs (which just increased from 3 yrs)
Do we carry the weight & balance sheet in the aircraft?
No- there is airplane-specific information regarding weight & balances in the aircraft
What do we use to determine if we are on top of maintenance?
A-AVIATE acronym; annual- 12 CM, airworthiness- directives, VOR- 30 days, 100 hr inspection (for hire), altimeter- 24 CM, transponder- 24 CM, ELT- 12 CM or 1/2 battery life or 1 hr cumulative use
What are airworthiness directives?
Issued by the manufacturer; recalls on something in the aircraft; can be recurring or nonrecurring
What is progressive maintenance?
Done in place of the annual inspection every 12 Cm and 100 hr. inspection for hire; progressive maintenance is completed every 4 inspection events (60 hrs) instead of maintenance done once a year
What instruments are required to be in the airplane for day VFR flight?
ATOMATOFLAMES acronym; airspeed indicator, tachometer, oil pressure gauge, magnetic compass, altimeter, temperature gauge, oil temperature gauge, fuel gauge, landing gear position indicator, anti-collision lights, manifold pressure gauge, ELT, seatbelts
Why don’t we have a temperature gauge in our aircraft?
Because our aircraft are air-cooled, not liquid cooled
Why don’t we have a manifold pressure gauge in our aircraft?
Our aircraft don’t have altitude engines, which require manifold pressure gauges
What instruments are required to be in the airplane for night VFR flight?
FLAPS acronym; fuses or circuit breakers, landing light, anti-collision lights (after August 11, 1971), position lights, source of power (battery & alternator)
Where are the position lights?
Red light on the left wingtip, green light on the right wingtip, and on our aircraft 2 white lights facing backwards on either wingtip
Do we have fuses or circuit breakers in our aircraft?
Circuit breakers, but also fuses that we can’t get to
How do circuit breakers work?
When too much electricity runs through a wire, a circuit breaker prevents the circuit from becoming overloaded and burnt out by disconnecting and popping out
What would you do if you had a fire on engine start?
Starter- continue pressing, mixture- cut off, throttle- full open, fuel pump- off, fuel selector- off, aircraft- evacuate, fire- extinguish
What would you do if you had smoke in the cabin?
Probably an electrical fire; e-battery- verify arm, battery master- off, alternator- off, vents- open, heat- off, fire- extinguish
What would you do if you had an engine failure in flight?
Airspeed- 76 kts, landing area- locate, restart (fuel selector- switch tanks, fuel pump- on, mixture- full rich, alternate air- open, left magneto- off then on, right magneto- off then on), mayday- 121.5 and squawk 7700
If you can’t restart your engine, what do you do?
Prepare for a power-off landing, follow engine securing/power-off landing checklist
What would you do if you had a problem on takeoff roll?
Abort takeoff
What would you do if you had problem on takeoff?
Airspeed- 76kts, landing area- straight ahead, attempt engine restart (fuel selector- switch tanks, fuel pump- on, mixture- full rich, alternate- open), mayday- 121.5 and squawk 7700 if not successful
What would you do if the engine started sputtering or had a loss of RPM?
First go through the engine roughness checklist, and if it continues go through the engine failure checklist
What would you do if you had an engine fire in flight?
Fuel selector- off, throttle- closed, mixture- cutoff, heat- off, emergency descent- as needed
If we have a complete electrical system failure, does our engine stop working?
No- engine is separate from the electrical system; engine is still sparked for ignition because magnetos are a self-contained unit that provides sparks to ignite mixture/fuel so that pistons still work
What emergency equipment do we have in our airplane?
ELT and fire extinguisher
Where is the ELT located?
A switch on the front panel in cabin
What can happen if you land really hard?
The ELT switch can flip up into the on position as it is meant to be activated on hard impacts, like in an accident
Where is the fire extinguisher located?
Between the two front seats and behind the trim wheel
How do you use a fire extinguisher?
Pull pin, aim at base of flames, squeeze, and sweep
What does a fire extinguisher use to extinguish, and what is a danger of using a fire extinguisher in flight?
Uses halon, which removes all of the oxygen around it; greatly reduces amounts of oxygen in cabin for pilots and passengers
Explain where the antennas are and what they do.
GPS are the three blobs on top of the plane (by cockpit area), Com1 is the antenna underneath the plane on the left side by the wing root, Com2 is on top of the plane (above passenger seats), ELT antenna is on top of the plane (above the tail), VOR antenna is on top of the vertical stabilator
What is the strip on the leading edge of each wing?
Stall strip- at high AOAs allows disrupted airflow to flow over the wing and not hit the wing; allows for stall to start more gradually closer to the wing root and for our ailerons to be effective longer
What is the metal strip that stands up on the tip of the wing by the lights?
Glare shield- blocks lights from blinding us at night
What is the little door hatch right behind the door for the storage area?
External power source
