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152 > Prior To Midterm 1 > Flashcards

Prior To Midterm 1 Flashcards

1
Q

The meaning health changes between…

A

….cultures
-for example schizoprenia and weight loss or gain

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2
Q

Scientific era

A

Health is a lack of disease

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3
Q

Environmental health

A

People, and the experiences you are surrounded by
-house state
-relationships

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4
Q

Occupational health

A

Work and life balance, financial stability
-chemical safety
-meaningful purpose

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5
Q

Social health

A

Interactions with people
-friends
-connections

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6
Q

Spiritual health

A

Personal reflection, belief in a higher power or freedom in who/what you believe

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7
Q

Health compared to wellness

A

Health- state of being
Wellness- state of optimal wellbeing

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8
Q

Disease compared to illness

A

Disease- objective state of ill health
Illness- subjective, socially constructed

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9
Q

Signs compared to symptoms

A

Signs- objective, observable (temp or blood pressure)
Symptoms- subjective, not observable (stomach ache)

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10
Q

Acute compared to chronic

A

Acute- short term
Chronic- long term

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11
Q

Disability

A

Loss or abnormality

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12
Q

Impairment

A

Restriction or lack of ability

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13
Q

Impairment

A

Restriction or lack of ability

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14
Q

Disability as seen in the Medical model

A

-a personal tragedy
-adjustment for people
-need care
-individual problem

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15
Q

Disability seen in the Social model

A

Social oppression
-rights
-society needs to adjust
-social problem

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16
Q

Conceptualizations of health

A

-stability
-actualozation
-resource
-unity

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17
Q

Models of health

A

-medical
-holistic
-wellness
-social ecological

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18
Q

Medical model of health

A

Disease

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19
Q

Holistic model of health

A

All parts of the person
-balance

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20
Q

Wellness model of health

A

Process
-wide range of factors

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21
Q

Social ecological model of health

A

Many factors that effect health
-complex

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22
Q

Actualization

A

Ones true self
-optimal human health

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23
Q

Salutogenic

A

Difficult situations help people to cope
-creation and maintenance of good health
-meaningfullness

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24
Q

Factors of sociology

A

-historical
-cultural
-structural
-critical

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25
Q

Church and medical times

A

Medicine was prayers
-illness was sin
-reliant on deities for health

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26
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Germ theory of disease

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27
Q

John snow

A

Found the cause of chorea outbreak

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28
Q

Fallacy of specific ethology

A

Diseased caused by one thing

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29
Q

Objectification

A

Person is seemed as their issue or brokeness

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30
Q

Medical scientism

A

Science is the most superior form of treatment

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31
Q

Reductionism

A

Not considering social aspect, just the microscopy of the disease

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32
Q

Biological determination

A

Ones biology determines health status

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33
Q

Victim blaming

A

Blaming the person rather than social determinations of sickness

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34
Q

Dr Thomas mckeown

A

Recognized that agriculture and better living a part of health

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35
Q

Social production

A

Distribution and location

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36
Q

Social construction

A

Definition health and illness

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37
Q

Social organization

A

Healthcare and public policies

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38
Q

Two types of Grand theories

A

Structural functionalism
-symbolic interactionisms

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39
Q

Structural functionism

A

Society is a system of integrated parts
-every person has a specific role
-conservative

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40
Q

Parsons sick role

A

Being sick is a form of deviancy
-exempt from your role in society
-adher to doctors, you must get better
-good health and medical care is essential

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41
Q

Symbolic interactionism

A

Microlevel: what human beings do in a society
-reality based on interactions with each other (meanings to change)
-health illness are social constructions (can change)

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42
Q

Medicalization

A

Something that was not medical that now is
-medical marjuana

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43
Q

Post modernism

A

Claims on word is socially constructed by their viewpoint
-subjective
-there isnt ‘one’ truth
-may different kinds of treatments
-power shifts

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44
Q

Four conflict theories

A

-marxism
-feminism
-race
-post colonialism

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45
Q

Marxism

A

Controlling group and an oppressed group
-macrolevel
-value comes from physical wellbeing and worldly possessions
-exploitation leads to disease and lack of safety

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46
Q

Feminism

A

Socially constructed power differences between men and women
-a lot of biological research done on men, affects accuracy of health on women
-abortion as an act against patriarchy and control
-diversity of females in medical field

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47
Q

Race

A

Sociopolitical construction of power over the Other
-patients dying due to racism
-health equity
-impact day to day

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48
Q

Post colonialism

A

The impact of colonialism
-the Other
-indigenous health (systemic structured racism causes lower life expectancy)

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49
Q

Social marketing

A

Commercial marketing techniques in a way that benefits society
-poverty or children foundations

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50
Q

Education in social marketing

A

Influences behavior by new ideas
-not sufficient

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51
Q

Policy

A

Influences choice
-don’t want control

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52
Q

The four p’s of social marketing

A

-product
-price
-place
-promotion

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53
Q

P-roduct

A

Tangible- must wear helmets to bike
Practice- immunizations

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54
Q

P-rice

A

Measured in time and effort
-old habits affect wanting to oblige

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55
Q

P-lace

A

How it reaches consumer
-like bathroom signs

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56
Q

P-romotion

A

Motivate to try and continue

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57
Q

Purse strings

A

Where does the money come from

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58
Q

Policy

A

Creates a push

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59
Q

Partnership

A

Working with

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60
Q

Public

A

Internal and external groups

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61
Q

Life course perspective

A

The full view on a persons life, beginning with an event history

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62
Q

Cohort

A

Group of people born at same time and experience particular social changes

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63
Q

Life event

A

Significant change and disruption

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64
Q

Trajectory

A

Multiple turning points
-long term event

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65
Q

Turning point

A

Major change that has lasting changes in ones life
-more obvious after time passes

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66
Q

Transition

A

Occur with trajectories
-changes in roles or status

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67
Q

Can a transition be a turning point?

A

Yes, if it comes with crisis, conflict or no typical age (pregnancy)

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68
Q

Systemic racism

A

White supremacy imbedded into policies and processes of Canadian institutions
-advantage white

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69
Q

whiteness

A

Refers to a system that advantages euro Canadians over BIPOC

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70
Q

Institutions

A

Church, school, government

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71
Q

Why is systemic racism a SDOH

A

-geographic isolation
-residential schools
-difficulty accessing healthcare

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72
Q

Settler societies

A

Rooted in western territories

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73
Q

Settler colonialism

A

Replacement of indigenous populations
-invasive
-false narratives are told of indigenous people

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74
Q

Imperialism

A

-allowed colonialism to occur
Race of claiming parts of the world for monarchs

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75
Q

How did settler colonialism occur

A

-scientific justification
-doctrine of discovery
-imperialism

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76
Q

Indian act

A

Stipulation which controlled indigenous people and worked towards assimilation

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77
Q

Who are the indigenous people in Canada

A

Aboriginal (First Nations Métis Inuit)

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78
Q

First Nations include

A

-treaty (status)
-non treaty (non status)

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79
Q

What does it mean to be “treaty” or status

A

Belong to a First Nations group that has a treaty with the government

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80
Q

Métis

A

Formed post contact and pre confederation
-self identify, historic ancestry
-connected within the community (acceptance)

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81
Q

Inuit

A

People in northern Canada arctic
-colonized much later than other indigenous communities due to their geographic location

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82
Q

Treaties

A

Between the First Nations and governments
-all Canadians have treaty rights and responsibilities
-two sided
First Nations gave: land
Government gave: variety of things like farming, money, clothing

83
Q

The Indian act

A

Defines who is allowed to be an ‘Indian’
-pass system: request agent (lots of power) to leave the reserve

84
Q

Indigenous colonies are actually ……..

A

Matriarchal

85
Q

Oka crisis

A

78 day standoff between Montreal community and Mohawk group
-wanting to expand a golf course on indigenous lands that was a cematary

86
Q

What was launched against federal governments by residential school survivors

A

Class action lawsuits

87
Q

Indian residential school settlement agreement

A

-common experience payment
-out of court process for resolving sexual abuse claims
Money given to people

88
Q

Inter generational trauma

A

legacy of numerous traumatic events a community experiences over generations

89
Q

Indian hospitals

A

-segregated hospitals
-thought that indigenous people were an infectious risk for other Canadians
-horrific abuse, sterilization, language barrier, invasive surgery
-creates a distrusted healthcare system for current generations

90
Q

Determinants of health

A

-racism
-poor housing on reserve
-educations funds leads to lack of competitive courses
-employment rates

91
Q

Settler ally

A

Recognize unearned privilege received from societies patterns and take responsibility
-learning
-working with

92
Q

Health indicator

A

Measures health
-Reflects a given situation
-alert potential issues

93
Q

Rates, vital signs, mortality rates are all..

A

Population health indicators

94
Q

Self rated health

A

Extremely reliable indicator or mortality in short rate

95
Q

Considerations for gathering population data

A

-well defined
-validity and reliability
-affordable or feasible
-useful to decide makers

96
Q

Quantitative research

A

Objective, controlled measurement techniques
-statistically
-numbers
Example: BMI

97
Q

Qualitative research

A

Someone’s subjective, personal perception
-descriptions of pain
-life experience
-feelings or emotions

98
Q

Elements of qualitative

A

-Purposeful sampling
-exploratory
-interpretative

99
Q

Epidemiology

A

Statistical study of patterns of disease in the population

100
Q

Example of epidemiology

A

Vaccines

101
Q

Purpose of epidemiology

A

-risk factors
-prevent and treat any disease
-health programs and services
-prevention campaigns

102
Q

Life expectancy

A

Common indicator of health status
-starting at birth if mortality rates stayed the same

103
Q

Incidence

A

number of cases of disease having their onset during a prescribed period of time

104
Q

Prevalence

A

Total amount of people who have a disease or sickness in a specific snapshot time

105
Q

Mortality rate

A

Death of people due to disease divided by total population

106
Q

Breast cancer incidence and prevalence

A

Incidence: amount of new cases of breast cancer in Canada, period of time
Prevalence: number of people living with breast cancer in Canada at a particular point in time

107
Q

Crude mortality rate

A

Total deaths from any cause in a given year in a population

108
Q

Infant mortality rate

A

How well a country does in terms of overall physical health of a community
-measures human infant death (younger than one year)

109
Q

Potential years of life lost

A

Measure of premature mortality providing an estimate of time lived if they would have not died prematurely
(Under age 70)
-want small values

110
Q

Epidemiological triangle

A

Assist in figuring out new diseases, how it happened and what to do (Idea is you need to break connection)
-host
-agent
-environment

111
Q

Agent in epidemiology triangle

A

What: bacteria, fungi, viruses
-can also be stimulisis : lack of vitamin d

112
Q

Environment in epidemiological triangle

A

Exposure to the host
-weather, crowded areas, climate change

113
Q

Vector in the epidemiological triangle

A

Something that goes imbetween the host and agent
-bat, like rabies

114
Q

Paradox of change

A

Learning better heath habits to better yourself

115
Q

Health promotion

A

High level of well being
-art and science of supporting people to make changes in their life
-direct people towards health

116
Q

Disease prevention

A

Anything we do to stop disease from spreading
-focus don specific as

117
Q

Three levels of disease prevention

A

Primary, secondary and tertiary

118
Q

Primary level of disease prevention

A

Protect against a disease before signs and symptoms occur
-vaccines

119
Q

Secondary level of disease prevention

A

Promotes early detection of disease
-bloodwork, mamograms, bp screening

120
Q

Tertiary level of disease prevention

A

Minimize disability from disease
-physio therapy, cardiac rehab

121
Q

Health promotion

A

-Social justice/political (focusing on fairness)
-holistic (whole individual and picture)
-long term perspective
-all sectors (education, industry, environmental)
-empowerment

122
Q

Empowerment: individual vs community

A

Individual: ability to make decisions and control over their personal life
Community: acting collectively to gain influencer over the quality of life in their community

123
Q

HBM health belief model

A

Model for health protection
-designed to understand the likelihood that someone would perform a health protective behaviour

124
Q

Self efficacy

A

Able to do a lot of things

125
Q

Sociosphychological

A

Personality

126
Q

Structural variables

A

Your knowledge

127
Q

Critiques to the HBM

A

-doesn’t take into account habitual behaviours
-behaviours done for non health reasons (Social norms)
-assumes everyone has equal access to information

128
Q

Transtheoretical model

A

-based on RESEARCH relative to stopping smoking in adults
Trans (across) theoretical (concerned with the theory, variety of places)

129
Q

Four key constructs

A

-stages of change 6
-processes of change (independent variables) 10
-self efficacy
-decisional balance

130
Q

Premise of transtheoretical

A

-behaviour change is an ongoing process, not an event

131
Q

Assumptions of transtheoretical model of change

A

Individuals have varying levels of motivation or readiness to change

132
Q

Three assumptions of transtheoretical

A

-behaviour change is ongoing
-individuals have varying levels of motivation
-individual shave varying information for each stage of change

133
Q

Spiral pattern

A

-pre contemplation (no intention of changing)
-contemplation
-preparation
-action
-maintenance
-relapse

134
Q

Precontemplation

A

No intention to change
-not aware
-resistant to change
Our action: validate and encourage

135
Q

Contemplation

A

Sitting on the fence weighing pros and cons
-can last a long time
-aware of problem but is not committed to fixing it yet

136
Q

Preparation

A

Intending to take action in the near future
-not full action

137
Q

Action

A

-actually taking action, modifying their behaviour
-requires time and commitment

138
Q

Maintenance change

A

-a continuation of change
-attempting to not relapse

139
Q

Relapse

A

Resumption of old behaviours
-can come from major change, or loss of support

140
Q

Experiential process of change

A

-conscious raising
-dramatic relief
-self revaluation
-social liberation

141
Q

Behaviour process

A

-counterconditioning
-contingency management
-self liberation
-stimulus control

142
Q

Consciousness raising

A

Increasing information about self and problem
-why its helpful

143
Q

Dramatic relief

A

Emotional arousal
-Experiencing and expressing feelings

144
Q

Self reevaluation

A

Assessing how one feels and thinks about oneself

145
Q

Social liberation

A

Increasing alternative for non problem behaviours available in society

146
Q

Self liberation

A

Choosing and committing to act

147
Q

Counter conditioning

A

Substituting alternatives for problem behaviours

148
Q

Stimulus control

A

Avoiding stimuli that elicit problem behaviours

149
Q

Reinforcing management

A

Rewarding oneself or being rewarded by others

150
Q

Four constructs of transetheoretical

A

-self efficacy
-decisional balance
-stages of change
-processes of change

151
Q

Self efficacy

A

Belief about ones own competence and ability to self regulate
High level: more likely to initiate and maintain the behaviour
Low level: less likely

152
Q

Decisional balance

A

Weighing the pros and cons of changing behaviours to help change begin
-more cons, or early on (precontemplation, contemplation and preparation)
-More pros (action and maintenance)

153
Q

Ethics of behaviour change

A

-people have their own right to what changes they want
-avoid authoritarian or manipulation

154
Q

Define social determinants of health

A

Economic and social conditions shape the health of individuals
-individuals to populations
-societal choices of who gets what
-causes of the causes of health

155
Q

Causes of the causes

A

-keep asking questions
-deeper issues
-how far back can we go

156
Q

Determinants of health 1994

A

-income and social status
-education and literacy
-employment

157
Q

Added determinants in 1996

A

Gender, culture and social environments

158
Q

Common to date social determinants of health

A

-employment and working conditions
-food security
-heath care services
-housing
-social exclusion

159
Q

Lalonde report

A

Initial notice that something was impacting health other than biological factors

160
Q

Criticisms for lalonde report

A

-victim branding
-deflecting attention from one’s environment

161
Q

Population health approach

A

Measured by health status indicators
-interventions
-multiple strategies

162
Q

Determinants of health are all

A

Interreltated

163
Q

The aim of population health approach

A

focusing on reducing material and social inequalities

164
Q

What do societies need to have health

A

-food, water, housing
-environment aspects
-accesses to health services
-peace
-rescources
-social justice
-empowerment

165
Q

the epp report

A

Health promotion

Dealing with three major health challenges
-Reducing: inequalities
-Improving: prevention
-Coping: enhancing coping

166
Q

Availability of choices

A

Causes of the causes

167
Q

Health of a population is measured by

A

Health status indicators

168
Q

Health of a population is influenced by

A

Social, economic and physical environments
-individual capacity

169
Q

Affects of education on reserves

A

-mistrust
-European traditions
-colonial histories
-racism
-undervalued indigenous culture and language

170
Q

Deterrents to education

A

-parents who didn’t have education themselves to help
-financial issues
-trauma
-underfunded schools

171
Q

Initiatives for indigenous education

A

-developing policies such as TRC calls to action
-curricular reforms
-educating staff/teachers

172
Q

Low education and low employment levels lead to low…

A

Socioeconomic status

173
Q

Indian act as an impact of health

A

-higher rates of suicide
-lower income
-poorer health
-higher rates of unemployment

174
Q

Scientific era definition of health

A

Freedom from disease

175
Q

Seven multidimensional pieces of health

A

-physical
-social
-emotional
-spiritual
-environmental
-occupational
-intellectual
-physical

176
Q

Coneptualizations of health

A

Health as…
-stability
-actual action
-rescources
-unity

177
Q

Models of health

A

-medical model
-holistic model
-wellness model
-salutogenic model

178
Q

Medical model

A

Conventional approach
(Absence of disease)
-body as machine

179
Q

Holistic model

A

Considers all parts of the person

-alternative
-just recently integrated

180
Q

Wellness model

A

-builds on medical and holistic models
-continuously changing
-indivudal is responsible

181
Q

Social ecological model of health

A

-broad health conception
-many factors

182
Q

Salutogenic model of health

A

Focuses on the origins of postive health
-factors that enhance good health

183
Q

Health as actual action

A

-comprehensive
-trying to reach ones potential/ones true self

184
Q

WHO definition of health

A

State of complete physical, mental and social well being
-not just absence of disease

185
Q

Health as stability

A

Defined as the main tench of
-physical
-logical
-social norms

186
Q

Health as actualization

A

Actulization of human potential
Health and wellness interchangeable

187
Q

Health as aculization and stability

A

Realization of human potential thru goal directed behaviour

188
Q

Health as rescource

A

Capacity to fulfil roles, meet demands and engage in activities of everyday living

189
Q

Health as unity

A

Reflecting the whole person, as a process

190
Q

Lalonde report

A

Behavioural approach to health
-lifestyle, environment, human biology and organization of health care

191
Q

Behaviour approach

A

Places responsibility for health on the individual

192
Q

Socioenviromental approach

A

Lifestyle improvements made by
-well educated
-well employed
-higher income Canadians

193
Q

Ottawa charter

A

Identified prerequisites for health

194
Q

Prerequisites for health

A

Peace, shelter, education, food, income, social justice and equity

195
Q

What do the Ottawa charter and epp report both reflect

A

A socioenviromental approach
-health is more than absence of disease
-self efficiency and engaging in meaningful activities

196
Q

Psychosocial risk factors

A

Psychological experiences resulting from
-isolation, lack of social support, low self esteem, self blame

197
Q

Socioenviromental risk conditions

A

Living conditions
-poverty, low educational or occupational status
-dangerous or stressful work

198
Q

Population health approach PHAC

A

individual + collective that determine population health status

199
Q

Jakarta declaration

A

-empowerment of women
-social security
-respect for human rights
-social relations

200
Q

Bangkok charter

A

Affirmed health as a human right
-mental and spiritual well being

201
Q

Health disparities

A

Differences in health status among diff population groups

202
Q

Health promotion

A

Directed towards increasing well being and self actualization

203
Q

Disease prevention

A

Avoid illness and disease

152 (2 decks)

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