After Midterm Flashcards
Intersectionality theory
Health experience is defined by multiple influencing factors
-identities are diverse
-unique experiences
Intersectional paradigm
Multiple experiences
-many different forms of discrimination and oppression
-how those experiences affect each other
What impacts peoples intersectionality
Power structures and historical placements
Health benefits associated with education
More educated = fewer health risks
-higher wages
-lower rates of risk behaviour
-lower rates of disease
Self assessed health is used as an index of
Morbidity and a predictor of mortality
Health literacy
Complex set of abilities needed to understand
-alphabet, numbers, visual cues
-critical judgments in relation to health
Functional health literacy
Understand oral and written health care issues
-written and numerical directions
-ask questions
-report past medical history
-contribute to problem solving
Patient empowerment and health literacy equals
Better healthcare outcomes
Statistics on low health literacy
60% of adults unable to understand and act upon health information and make appropriate health decisions
Effects of low health literacy
-unable to get professional health when ill (23%)
-don’t know when to seek a second opinion from another doctor (54%)
People with low literacy are less likely to
-identify their own medications
-how to take medications
-side effects
-understand warning labels
Three levels of literacy
-basic
-communicative
-critical
Health numeracy
The degree which individuals have the capacity to understand health information and make effective decisions
Functional categories of health numeracy
-basic
-computational
-analytical
-statistical
Basic literacy
Reading and writing
Communicative health literacy
Social skills for participation
-extracting a meaning
Critical health literacy
Analyze information
-have control over life experiences
Basic health numeracy
Make sense of quantitative data
-how many pills
-find phone number
computational health numeracy
Simple manipulation of numbers
-nutritional labels
-payment
Analytical health numeracy
Inference, estimate
-determining cholesterol levels
-basic graphs
Statistical health numeracy
Understanding biostatistics
-life expectancy
-preference treatment based on benefits and side effects
Expectations of health numeracy is increasing
-responsibilities of consumer in prevention
-self assessments
-self treatment
-health care use
Red flags for low literacy
-missed appointments
-incomplete registration forms
-noncompliance with medication
-medicine names
-incoherent medical history
-no questions
-no follow through
REALM
Rapid estimate of adult literacy in medicine
-no listening test or understanding
-asses ability to read, estimate literacy level
NVS
Newest vital sign
-simplest mathematical, how many can occur
TOFHLA
Extensive, takes long time
Health literacy strategies
Teach back and ask me three
Teach back
Plain language
-most important
-simple
-rephrase
-teach us back
Ask me 3
Cover 3 main problems
-main problem
-what to do
-why
How are families changing
-fewer people having kids
-adoption
-gender and marriage
-blended families
Early childhood is important as it affects
-brain development
-emotional and social skills
-protist and manage stress
Factors of childhood development
-health
-nutrition
-strong octal supports
-stimulating interaction
Share the focus
Notice serves
Support and encourage
-affirmation (words and physical)
-helping
-playing with
Name it
-language connection
-understanding
Take turns
-self control
-getting along (waiting for them to develop ideas and confidence)
Ending and beginning
-putting down toy
-ready to end and do something new
-child takes lead
Serves
Shows interest
returns
Your response
Factors that contribute to positive child outcomes
-adequate income
-effective parenting
-supportive environment
Risks of healthy child development
-poverty
-inadequate care giving
-child abuse
Neglect
-creates stress
-biological synapse destruction
-lack of child’s needs
-the serve and return is broken
5 methods of child serve and return
- Share the focus
- Support and encourage
- Name it
- Take turns
- Ending and beginning
Occasional attention
-beneficial
-creates independence
Chronic under stimulation
-regular basis lack of interaction
-bad
Severe neglect (family)
-basic need not met on top of others
Severe neglect (institutional)
Temporary care or orphanage
-new people every 8 hours
Latency effects
-exposure at one point
-effects later
Example: low birth weight causes cardiovascular disease
Example: drinking and smoking during pregnancy
Pathway effects
-sequences of exposures
-lead to probability later
Example: divorce of parents, schooling decreases, jobs later
Cumulative effects
-multiple exposures
-longer and more likely
-could create sense of inefficacy or learned helplessness
Attachment connection
-specific sensory stimuli
-responsible for socioemotional communication and bonding
-physical and emotional
Important principles for aging
-aging well in place
-social inclusion
-upstream approach
Aging in place
-supported accommodation
-positive attitude, fit and healthy, engaged socially
-prefer to live at home
Percentage of Canadian older adults at risk of becoming socially isolated
30%
Risk factors for social isolation
-80 years or older
-chronic illnesses
-rural living
-indigenous backgrounds
-lack of transportation
-poor mobility
-living alone
-limited contact
-reduced income
Upstream approach for aging
-national income care plan
-enhanced caregiver support
-community based care
-safe, affordable housing and transportation
-reduce communication barriers
-palliative approach
Ageism
-dehumanizing
-stereotype
-prejudice
Based on age
1800s urban planning and health
-industrialization
-crowded, dirty, full of epidemics
-slums holding a lot of disease
John snow
-discovered the cause of cholera (water pump)
-beginning of epidemiology
History of urban planning 1900s
-germ theory
-biomedical
-focus on pathogens as cause for disease
-less focus on environmental causes
History of urban planning post WII
-moved away from disease
-new areas
-district areas of practice
-promoting economic growth
20th century urban planning
-separating residential, commercial and industrial use
-population concentration is unhealthy
-suburbia and increase dependence on automobiles
21st century urban planning health issues
-traffic fatalities
-respiratory/cardiac illness
-physical inactivity
-air pollution
Urban planning 21st century
-focus on mixed use planning
-non automobile options
Alberta urban planning
-denser urban
-affordable housing
-nutrition access
-improved transportation options
Core hosing need
-living in an unsuitable
-unaffordable
Race
A social construct
-distinct biological traits between groups of people
racism
False beliefs
-one racial group os superior to another
Radicalization
Social process by which racial categories are constructed as real
-social, economic, political, health problems
Critical race theory
Racial system that relegates people of colour to the bottom tiers
Whiteness
Process and practices that are consistently afforded to white people
-basic rights, perspectives
Structural racism
Role of structures such as laws, that influence racism
Systemic racism
Involvement of whole systems
-political, legal, economic
Eurocentrism
Worldview centered on western civilization
Visible minorities
People other than aboriginal people, who are non-Caucasian in race or non white in colour
Canadas visible minority population is
Increasing
Canada is ethically diverse
Healthy immigrant effect
-better health and lower mortality rates
Refugees and health
-vulnerable population
-separated from family and lost a lot of possessions
Cultural competence
Skill sets working w/ ppl from other cultures
-self reflect first
Cultural safety
Recognizing the social, historical, political that create power differences and inequalities
-reflect on own culture identity
Cultural humility
Patient is the expert at who they are
-interpersonal
-addressing power imbalances
Provisions of culturally safe health care
-diverse staff
-acknowledge racism
-training about cultures
Culturally safe healthcare
-role of systemic racism and how it shapes encounters
-examine all services
Indigneous ppl and visible minority have barriers to access
For healthcare, including racism
There are many views of…
Health, healthcare and healthcare personnel
Two essential pieces that healthcare providers need to incorporate
-cultural safe care
-cultural humility
Stress definition
-perceived lack of control
-excitability, can be physically measured
-aversive
Internal stress
Hunger, infection, fever
Stressors
Events that activate stress response systems
External stress
Motivational prompts for writing an exam, personal events, illness, natural disasters
Good stress
Promotes productivity
-euphoric
Bad stress
Out of control, you feel like a victim
-distress
Physical stress
Stressors in environment
Psychological stress
React when threatened
-whether or not the threat is real or not
Psychosocial stress
From interpersonal relationships
-conflict with people
-isolation
Distress categories
-work, family
-acute or chronic
-trauma, crisis, daily hassles
Hassles
Argument, sick kids, not enough time
-continuous series of small tragedies
Key to good health (stress)
Turn bad stress into good stress
Endocrine system and stress (two pieces)
-catecholamines
-corticosteroids
Catecholamines and stress
Adrenaline, norepinephrine (from adrenal gland)
-inc heart rate, blood vessels constrict
Corticosteroids and stress
Cortisol
-suppresses immune system, weight increase
Stress and health
Shortens telemeres
-disturb gut
‘Pregnancy and stress
more adverse outcomes
-neonatal death
-low birth weight
-low min apgar
Cardiovascular disease and stress
Emotional stressors can lead to cardiovascular disease in humans
Infectious disease and stress
Inc instances of infectious disease during exam periods
Chronic stress affect
Organ and system functions at multiple levels
Hans selves conceptualization of stress
Stress is the point at which the organisms ability to perform easily is exceeded by the demands put on it
Selye’s General adaption syndrome
- Alarm (fight or flight/cheeks red)
- Resistance (attempts to relieve)
- Exhaustion (stress is too much, physical impacts)
Alarm reaction
-stressors disturbs homeostasis
-fight or flight
-immune system suppressed
Resistance
After alarm system, parasympathetic kicks in
-inc immune system
Exhaustion
-body is at its limits
-diverse health consequences appear
Stress buffers
-time management
-exercise
-sleep
-social connection`
Stress is due to
-individual factors
-behavioural factors
-lifestyle factors
First ways to protect self from stress
-face stress head on
-make it tangible
Transactional model of stress
-stress is a process
-cognitive appraisal
Meaning of an event is different for everyone
-ones experience to how they deal with stress
Four steps of transactional model of stress
-stressor
-primary appraisal
-secondary appraisal
-coping response
Emotion based coping
Regulating the emotion tied to the stressful situation
-changing emotions with situations
Cognitive appraisal
How we think about something
Problem based coping
Incompetent to deal with the stressor
-problem solving the situation
Locus of control
Sense of control about things
-internal, external
Internal locus of control
Self affirmed
YOU MAKE THINGS HAPPEN
External locus of control
THINGS HAPPEN TO ME
Sources of control
Upbringing and beliefs, support system, preparation
Learned helplessness
Learned belief there is nothing one can do to improve a bad situation
-very powerful to health
-low self esteem
Influence of control on health
Greater sense of control, less risk of illness
-poor control more likely
Resilience
Children learn to flourish despite conflict and challenges
-process and outcome
Resilience and attachment theory
Importance of mother-infant relationships
-protects child later on in life
Resilient personality
Certain personality traits boost immunity
-self esteem
-optimism
-sociability
-confidence
Family resisliance
Ability of a family to respond positively to an adverse event
-value spirituality
-flexible and connected
-communicate well
-openly express emotions
How can we help patients/clients with their coping
-personality (effective coping skills)
-social supports
-self help groups
Culture and stress
Different cultures experience specific stressors more than others
Spirituality and religious beliefs and stress
Effective in helping individuals cope
-enhance immune system
-sense of well being
Protection motivation theory
Teach salients beliefs about health and stress can impact end results and success
Emotional intelligence
-self awareness
-self regulation
-motivation
-empathy
-social skills
Why does emotional intelligence matter
-protect against trauma
-work wellness
-cope with stress
