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Y4 Eyes > Printed Notes > Flashcards

Printed Notes Flashcards

1
Q

What is a marcus gunn pupil?

A

relative afferent pupillary defect

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2
Q

what are some causes of RAPD?

A

optic neuritis
optic atrophy
retinal disease
orbital cellulitis

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3
Q

What is Holmes Adie pupil?

A

dilated pupil has no response to light and slow response to accommodation (tonic pupil)

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4
Q

who is most affected by Holmes Adie pupil?

A

young women with sudden blurring of near vision

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5
Q

what is the cause of Holmes Adie pupil?

A

damage of post ganglionic parasympathetic fibres

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6
Q

what three things make up Holmes Adie syndrome ?

A

tonic pupil, absent lower limb reflexes, low BP

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7
Q

What are the four features of Horners syndrome ?

A

PEAS

ptosis
enophthalmos (posterior displacement)
anhydrosis
small pupil

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8
Q

What nerve root is affected by pan coast tumours?

A

T1

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9
Q

state some causes of horners syndrome ?

A 
MS
Wallenbergs lateral medullary syndrome 
pan coast tumour 
trauma 
cavernous sinus thrombosis
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10
Q

What is Argyll robertsons pupil?

A

small irregular pupils that accommodate but don’t react to light caused by DM or syphilius

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11
Q

what colour vision is affected by optic atrophy?

A

decreased red colour vision

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12
Q

what are the commonest causes of optic atrophy?

A

MS

glaucoma

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13
Q

what are the features of optic atrophy?

A 
decreased acuity 
decreased colour vision 
central scotoma 
pale optic disc
RAPD
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14
Q

state the causes of optic atrophy?

A 
Charcot marie tooth disease 
Friedrichs ataxia 
alcohol, lead, B12 deficiency 
optic glioma 
pituitary adenoma 
glaucoma 
pagets 
DM, GCA
MS, Devics 
HZV, TB
lymphoma, leukaemia
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15
Q

what medications can increase risk of acute closed angle glaucoma?

A

anti cholinergics
sympathomimetics
TCAs
anti histamines

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16
Q

what are the symptoms of ACAG?

A

coloured halos around lights
severe pain
headache, vomiting, nausea, decreased acuity

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17
Q

what condition is the talbots test used for?

A

anterior uveitis

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18
Q

what is talbots test

A

increased pain on convergence

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19
Q

what is the treatment for episcleritis?

A

topical NSAIDs

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20
Q

state some causes of scleritis ?

A

wegeners

RA, SLE, vasculitis

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21
Q

what is a complication of scleritis ?

A

scleromalacia

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22
Q

what is the treatment for bacterial conjunctivitis?

A

chloramphenicol 0.5%

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23
Q

what infection can contact lens users get from swimming?

A

acanthamoeba

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24
Q

what is hutchisons sign?

A

vesicles on tip of nose preceding the development of ophthalmic herpes zoster shingles

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25
Q

what 5 questions should be asked for sudden loss of vision ? HELLP

A 
headache 
eye movements hurt 
lights 
like curtain descending 
poorly controlled DM
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26
Q

what is the optic condition caused by GCA?

A

anterior ischaemic optic neuropathy

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27
Q

what does the retina look like in central artery retinal occlusion ?

A

pale retina

cherry red fovea

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28
Q

what is seen on the macula with dry ARMD?

A

drusen deposits

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29
Q

what is used to measure distortion with wet ARMD?

A

amsler grid

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30
Q

where is vision lost first in the periphery with primary open angle glaucoma?

A

supero nasal

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31
Q

state some risk factors for open angle glaucoma?

A

FHx, steroids, DM

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32
Q

what investigations can be done for glaucoma ?

A

tonometry

fundoscopy

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33
Q

what deficiency causes keratomalacia ?

A

Vitamin A

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34
Q

what is glucose converted to in the lens during poorly controlled DM to form cataracts?

A

sorbitol by aldose reductase

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35
Q

what is the management for proliferative diabetic retinopathy ?

A

pan retinal (macula sparing) laser photocoagulation

36
Q

what is the management for macular diabetic retinopathy ?

A

focal or grid laser photocoagulation

37
Q

state some congenital causes of cataracts ?

A 
idiopathic 
rubella 
wilsons
myotonic dystrophy 
galactosaemia
38
Q

what is the most common inherited degeneration of the macula?

A

retinitis pigmentosa

39
Q

what is the presentation of retinitis pigmentosa?

A

night blindness

tunnel vision

40
Q

what does the fundoscopy of retinitis pigmentosa look like ?

A

optic atrophy

peripheral retinal pigmentation

41
Q

what is an another name for DIDMOAD?

A

Wolfram syndrome

42
Q

what are the features of DIDMOAD?

A

diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness

43
Q

what are some associated conditions of anterior uveitis ?

A 
seronegative arthritis - AS, psoriatic, Reiters 
JIA 
IBD
sarcoidosis 
Behcets 
infection - TB, syphilis, HSV, CMV
44
Q

what are some causes of optic neuritis ?

A 
MS
DM
ethambutol, chloamphenicol 
zoster virus 
lyme disease
45
Q

does retinal vein occlusion have RAPD?

A

yes

46
Q

what are two complications of retinal vein occlusion?

A

glaucoma

neovascularisation

47
Q

what are some causes of transient visual loss?

A

TIA, migraine
MS
subacute glaucoma
papilloedema

48
Q

what investigation is good for macular degeneration ?

A

OCT (optical coherence tomography)

49
Q

state three management options for wet ARMD?

A 
Photodynamic therapy
􏰀 Intravitreal VEGF inhibitors
􏰁 Bevacizumab (Avastin)
􏰁 Ranibizumab (Lucentis)
􏰀 Antioxidant vitamins (C,E) + zinc
50
Q

what is the commonest cause of blindness in the world?

A

trachoma
cataracts
glaucoma
keratomalacia (Vit A deficiency)

51
Q

what investigation should be done for diabetic retinopathy?

A

fluorescein angiography

52
Q

in diabetic CN III palsy what function might be spared? and why?

A

pupil may be spared

  • as the nerve fibres run peripherally and receive blood from pial vessels
53
Q

what is the presentation of cataracts?

A

increasing myopia
blurry vision
glare from lights
monocular diplopia

54
Q

state some complications of cataracts surgery ?

A 
Anterior uveitis / iritis
􏰁 VH
􏰁 Retinal detachment
􏰁 Secondary glaucoma
􏰁 Endophthalmitis
55
Q

what is retinitis pigmentosa associated with?

A

Friedrich’s ataxia
􏰀 Refsum’s disease
􏰀 Kearns-Sayre Syndrome 􏰀 Usher’s Syndrome

56
Q

what does Leukocoria mean ?

A

white pupil - no red reflex

57
Q

what is hordeolum externum treated with?

A

fusidic acid

58
Q

what are the causes of blepharitis ?

A

seborrhoeic dermatitis

staph infection

59
Q

what is Lagophthalmos?

A

difficulty in lid closure over eye lid

60
Q

what is Pinguecula?

A

yellow lesions on either side of cornea

61
Q

what is Pterygium

A

growth of conjunctiva which invades cornea

62
Q

what is the treatment for orbital cellulitis ?

A

IV Abx: Cefuroxime (20mg/kg/8h IV)

63
Q

what is the presentation of carotico cavernous fistula ?

A

Engorgement of eye vessels 􏰁 Lid and conjunctival oedema, 􏰁 Pulsatile exophthalmos
􏰁 Eye bruit

64
Q

state some causes of flashes (photopsia)

A 
headache, migraine 
retinal detachment (flashes and floaters)
65
Q

what conditions are halos seen?

A

cataract,

corneal oedema, acute glaucoma (with eye pain)

66
Q

what condition is zig zag lines seen?

A

migraines

67
Q

what sign can develop with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis ?

A

small papillae on tarsal conjunctivae

68
Q

what is the treatment for allergic conjunctivitis ?

A

Antazoline: antihistamine drops:

􏰁 Cromoglycate: inhibits mast cell degranulation

69
Q

what is the treatment for trachoma?

A

Tetracycline 1% ointment ± PO

70
Q

what is the cause of onchocerciasis ?

A

Caused by microfilariae of nematode Onchocerca volvulus

71
Q

what is the treatment for onchocerciasis ?

A

Ivermectin

72
Q

what is the classification called of hypertensive retinopathy ?

A

Keith wagener classification

73
Q

what is the keith wagener classification ?

A
  1. Tortuosity and silver wiring
  2. AV nipping
  3. Flame haemorrhages and soft / cotton wool spots 4. Papilloedema
74
Q

what condition is roth spots seen ?

A

infective endocarditis

75
Q

what systemic inflammatory disease can cause retinopathy ?

A

dermatomyositis

76
Q

what condition can cause corneal calcification?

A

hyper parathyroidism

77
Q

what are Kayser-Fleischer Rings?

A

dark rings that appear to encircle the iris of the eye. They are due to copper deposition in part of the cornea (Descemet’s membrane)

78
Q

what condition causes Kayser-Fleischer Rings?

A

wilsons disease

79
Q

what are mydriatics (Anti-Muscarinics) used for in the eye?

A

pupil dilation and eye examination

80
Q

state some names of mydriatics ?

A

Tropicamide

Cyclopentolate

81
Q

what is the function of miotics?

A

constrict the pupil

82
Q

what condition is miotics used for?

A

acute closed angle glaucoma

83
Q

what topical antihistamines can be used?

A

Emedastine 􏰀 Antazoline

84
Q

what medication is used for open angle glaucoma ?

A 
b blockers 
prostaglandin analogues 
alpha agonists 
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors 
miotics
85
Q

what is the treatment for chlamydial conjunctivitis ?

A

oral tetracycline

86
Q

what is charles bonnet syndrome ?

A

a type of psychophysical visual disturbance and the experience of complex visual hallucinations in a person with partial or severe blindness.

Y4 Eyes (3 decks)

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