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Principles > Principles Revision > Flashcards

Principles Revision Flashcards

1
Q

What is an exergonic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction where the change in the free energy is negative, indicating a spontaneous reaction.

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2
Q

What is an endergonic reaction?

A

A chemical reaction in which the standard change in free energy is positive, and energy is absorbed.

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3
Q

What is tropocollagen?

A

A collagen triple helix (super-helix), which forms bone and connective tissue and is water soluble

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4
Q

What are the 3 main enzymes in DNA replication?

A

1) Helicase - unzips DNA strands
2) Primase - makes the primers
3) Ligase - seals the Okazaki fragments

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5
Q

What is phosphofructokinase?

A

A kinase enzyme which controls the rate of substrate flow in the TCA cycle

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6
Q

What is redox potential?

A

A measure of the tendency to gain or lose electrons

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7
Q

What are protein chaperones?

A

Molecules which aid protein folding

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8
Q

What are purines?

A

Adenine and Guanine - bigger molecules

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9
Q

What are pyrimidines?

A

Uracil, Thymine and Cytosine - smaller molecules

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10
Q

Examples of innate immunity?

A

Physical barriers, cytokines, the complement system, macrophages, mast cells, natural killer cells, granulocytes

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11
Q

Examples of acquired immunity?

A

Antibodies, B cells, T cells

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12
Q

What are the 3 functions of neutrophils?

A

1) Phagocytosis
2) Degranulation
3) Producing NETs

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13
Q

What are the 3 functions of macrophages?

A

1) Expressing PRRs
2) Degranulation
3) Producing histamine

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14
Q

What are the three pathways of the complement system?

A

1) The classical pathway
2) The Mannose-Binding Lectin pathway
3) The alternative pathway

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15
Q

What is the main function of dendritic cells?

A

To express antigens and present them for T-cells

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16
Q

Describe antibody structure

A

2 light chains and 2 heavy chains

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17
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic control systems?

A 
Intrinsic = starts in an organ
Extrinsic = starts outside an organ
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18
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure (normally 30-50)

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19
Q

What is MAP?

A

Mean arterial pressure is the average blood pressure over 1 cardiac cycle (between 70-105, minimum 60 to perfuse vital organs)

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20
Q

Anatomy of baroreceptors

A

Located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses - send signals to the medulla via CNIX and CNX

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21
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance?

A

The resistance of all vasculature in systemic circulation

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22
Q

What blood pressure values indicate hypertension?

A

140/90 in clinic, 135/75 daytime average

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23
Q

What are the main resistance vessels of the circulatory system?

A

The arterioles

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24
Q

What are the four types of heat exchange?

A

1) Radiation (heat waves)
2) Conduction (objects in contact)
3) Convection (heat currents)
4) Evaporation

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25
Q

How does the hypothalamus detect heat changes?

A

Posterior-hypothalamus is activated by cold, anterior-hypothalamus is activated by warmth

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26
Q

What 5 factors influence diffusion?

A

1) Magnitude of the concentration gradient
2) Surface area of the membrane
3) Lipid solubility of the substance
4) Molecular weight of the substance
5) Distance through which diffusion takes place

27
Q

What is tonicity?

A

The effect a solution has on cell volume (iso, hypo, hyper)

28
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

When a whole chromosome is extra/missing

29
Q

What is Robertsonian translocation?

A

When 2 chromosomes get stuck together

30
Q

What is reciprocal translocation?

A

When segments of material are exchanged between different chromosomes

31
Q

What are Copy Number Variations (CNVs)?

A

Extra/missing stretches of DNA

32
Q

What are the 4 forms of Mendelian inheritance?

A

1) Autosomal dominant
2) Autosomal recessive
3) X-linked
4) Mitochondrial

33
Q

What is mosaicism?

A

When different cells have different genetic material due to mutations and repair mechanisms

34
Q

What is deontology?

A

Where the morality of an action is based on whether the action itself is right or wrong rather than its consequences

35
Q

What are virtue ethics?

A

Where the character/virtue is most important in decision making

36
Q

What are the main roles in public health?

A

Immunisations, monitoring outbreaks, communicable diseases, screening programmes, education

37
Q

What is mortality?

A

Number of deaths/population at risk x 1000

38
Q

What is incidence?

A

Number of new cases in a population/number of persons exposed x 1000

39
Q

What is prevalence?

A

Number of cases present/number of persons at risk x 1000

40
Q

What are some clinical human factors?

A

Situational awareness, decision making, communication, team work, leadership, managing stress and coping with fatigue.

41
Q

What is a system in human factors?

A

Interacting and interdependent elements functioning together towards a goal

42
Q

What are the three important points in the SEIPS model?

A

1) Systems orientation
2) Patient centred-ness
3) Design driven improvements

43
Q

What is an opportunistic pathogen?

A

Pathogens which take of an opportunity not usually available, i.e. colonise an immunosuppressed host

44
Q

Pathology VINDICATE

A

Vascular changes, Infection, Neoplasia, Drugs, Iatrogenic, Congenital, Autoimmune, Trauma, Endocrine.

45
Q

What occurs in acute inflammation?

A

1) Rubor, calor, tumour, dolor and loss of function
2) Vasodilation (histamine and NO), stasis, white cell margination, pavementing and chemotaxis
3) Histamine and thrombin increase levels of selectin
4) Phagocytosis - recognition and attachment, engulfment, killing and degradation

46
Q

What is resolution?

A

Complete repair of the tissue back to pre-injury state

47
Q

In what conditions is resolution most likely to occur?

A

1) Minimal damage
2) In tissues which can repair
3) Good vascular supply

48
Q

What is organisation?

A

Where damaged tissue is replaced by granulation tissues - in tissues where damage passes the basement membrane

49
Q

How is chronic inflammation defined?

A

By cells present (lymphocytes and macrophages), and completely unrelated to time or severity

50
Q

What occurs in a hypoxic injury to the cell?

A

1) Necrosis -> cell shrink (pyknotic) and turn red
2) Nucleus shrinks and gets darker
3) Cell contents leak, gross changes seen
4) Area of ischaemia has high risk of rupture
5) Restitution/organisation and fibrosis
6) Collagen deposits by fibroblasts

51
Q

What is hyperplasia?

A

Swelling of an organ or tissue caused by an increase in cell numbers

52
Q

What is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size due to mechanostress

53
Q

What is atrophy?

A

Reduction in cell size which can result in lysosomal digestion

54
Q

What are the three types of necrosis?

A

1) Coagulative (ghost outline - pathological)
2) Liquefactive (gross pus)
3) Caseous (granulomatous inflammation)

55
Q

What is pharmacodynamics?

A

The study of the effect of drugs on the body

56
Q

What is pharmacokinetics?

A

The study of the effect of the body on drugs (ADME)

57
Q

What is agonist efficacy?

A

The ability of an agonist to evoke a cellular response

58
Q

What 3 factors affect drugs distribution?

A

1) Solubility
2) Bulk flow
3) Diffusion

59
Q

What are the 5 sites of carrier-mediated drugs transport?

A

1) The blood-brain barrier
2) GI tract
3) Placenta
4) Renal tubule
5) Biliary tract

60
Q

What are the stages of embryology?

A

1) Gametogenesis
2) Fertilisation
3) Cleavage
4) Gastrulation
5) Formation
6) Organogenesis

61
Q

What is the cytosol?

A

A solution found in cells made up of proteins, electrolytes and carbohydrates

62
Q

What are the three types of cell junctions?

A

1) Occluding
2) Anchoring
3) Communicating

63
Q

What are the three types of capillaries?

A

1) Sinusoidal
2) Fenestrated
3) Continuous

Principles (9 decks)

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