Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Principles > Physiology > Flashcards

Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What is human physiology?

A

The study of the normal function of the human body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What makes up the human body?

A

Cells, tissues, organs, body systems and the whole body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do humans maintain a healthy body?

A

Our bodies maintain highly regulated optimum physiological conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are some variables controlled by homeostasis?

A
  • Concentration of water and electrolytes in the body
  • Pressures and volumes
  • pH
  • Body temperature
  • Concentration of nutrients e.g. glucose
  • Concentration of waste products e.g. urea
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How do control systems maintain homeostasis?

A
  • Sense deviations from the normal in internal environment
  • Integrate this information with other relevant information
  • Make appropriate adjustments in order to restore a controlled variable to its desired value
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Physiology of the cell membrane

A

Much of physiological control occurs at the cell membrane due to cell membrane potential being central to the functionality of nerve and muscle cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Physiology and pharmacology in the cell membrane

A

Many pharmacological agents act at the level of the cell membrane to produce their therapeutic effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Describe the two classes of control systems

A

1) Intrinsic - local controls inherent in an organ

2) Extrinsic - regulatory mechanisms initiated outside an organ, accomplished by nervous and endocrine systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the three types of homeostatic control systems?

A

1) Feed forward control
2) Positive feedback control
3) Negative feedback control

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Describe feed forward control

A

Responses are made in anticipation of a change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Describe positive feedback control

A

Amplifies an initial change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Give an example of positive feedback control

A

Contractions of the uterus occurring more regularly closer to the birth of the baby

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Describe negative feedback control

A

Primary type of homeostatic control system, promotes stability by regulation of a controlled variable through the flow of information along a closed loop, opposes initial change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are some examples of negative feedback control?

A

1) regulation of body temperature

2) control of blood pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the components of a negative feedback control system?

A
  • sensor
  • control centre
  • effectors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Define homeostasis

A

The maintenance of steady states within our bodies by coordinated physiological mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How can homeostasis be disrupted?

A

Deficient, inappropriate or excessive homeostatic mechanisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What happens if homeostasis is disrupted?

A

This may result in disease or death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The outwards hydrostatic pressure exerted by the blood on blood vessel walls

20
Q

What is systemic systolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart contracts

21
Q

What is systemic diastolic arterial blood pressure?

A

The pressure exerted by the blood on the walls of the aorta and systemic arteries when the heart relaxes

22
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

The difference between systolic and diastolic blood pressure, normally between 30 and 50 mmHg

23
Q

What is Mean Arterial blood Pressure (MAP)?

A

The average arterial blood pressure during a single cardiac cycle, which involves contraction and relaxation of the heart

24
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle of the heart per heart beat

25
Q

What is systemic vascular resistance (SVR)?

A

The sum of resistance of all vasculature in the systemic circulation

26
Q

What is vasomotor tone?

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest

27
Q

What is hypertension?

A

Clinic blood pressure of 140/90 mmHg or higher and day time average of 135/85 mmHg or higher

28
Q

Why is MAP not the average of the systemic systolic portion of the cardiac cycle and the systemic diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle?

A

Diastolic and systolic are not equal lengths; the diastolic portion of the cardiac cycle is twice as long as the systolic portion of the cardiac cycle

29
Q

How can MAP be calculated?

A
  • (2D + S) /3

- D + 1/3(pulse pressure)

30
Q

What is the minimum MAP value and why is it necessary to be above this value?

A

The minimum MAP value is 60mmHg otherwise the vital organs (brain, heart and kidney) will not be perfused

31
Q

What is the normal range of MAP?

A

Around 70-105mmHg

32
Q

Why must MAP be regulated?

A
  • If MAP is too high, this can damage blood vessels and place extra strain on the heart
  • If MAP is too low vital organs cannot be perfused which causes damage to the body
33
Q

What can be modified to regulate MAP?

A
  • Heart rate
  • Stroke volume
  • Systemic vascular resistance
34
Q

What is autorhythmicity of the heart?

A

The electrical signals which control the heart are generated within the heart, therefore the heart is capable of beating rhythmically in the absence of external stimuli

35
Q

What are the major systemic vascular resistance vessels?

A

The arterioles

36
Q

What kind of receptors are baroreceptors?

A

They are mechanoreceptors which are sensitive to stretch

37
Q

Where are the baroreceptors?

A

The carotid sinus and the aortic arch

38
Q

How does firing rate baroreceptors relate to MAP?

A
  • Firing rate in baroreceptors increases when MAP increases

- Firing rate in baroreceptors decreases when MAP decreases

39
Q

What is the function of the baroreceptor?

A

Detect a change in MAP and send afferent impulses to the cardiovascular control centre to the medulla

40
Q

What regulates stroke volume?

A

The autonomic nervous system (ANS)

41
Q

Describe sympathetic regulation of stroke volume

A

Sympathetic nerves innervate the ventricular myocardium, and simulation increases the force of contraction and increases stroke volume

42
Q

Describe parasympathetic regulation of stroke volume

A

The vagus nerve (parasympathetic) has little direct effect on ventricular contraction

43
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Mechanis

A

The ability of the heart to control stroke volume intrinsically

44
Q

How can SVR modify MAP?

A
  • Contraction of vascular smooth muscles causes vasoconstriction and increases SVR and MAP (pressure upstream)
  • Relaxation of vascular smooth muscles causes vasodilation and decreases SVR and MAP
45
Q

Describe vasomotor tone

A

Vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest due to tonic discharge of the sympathetic nerves resulting in the continuous release of noradrenaline

46
Q

How is stroke volume regulated by the ANS?

A
  • Increased sympathetic discharge will increase the vasomotor tone resulting in vasoconstriction (increase SVR and MAP - pressure upstream)
  • Decreased sympathetic discharge will decrease the vasomotor tone resulting in vasodilation (decrease SVR and MAP)
  • There is no significant parasympathetic innervation of arterial smooth muscles - exceptions are penis and clitoris

Principles (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions