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Elements > Principles & Pitfalls of English grammar > Flashcards

Principles & Pitfalls of English grammar Flashcards

1
Q

verb BE

A

VERB BE has 8 forms:

  1. be
  2. am
  3. are
  4. is
  5. was
  6. were
  7. been
  8. being
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2
Q

Lexical verb

A

main verb
they express a concrete idea and are independet of other verbs

last and possible only verb in the sequence of a verb phrase is th lexical verb

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3
Q

Verb marks four grammatically vital contrasts namely:

A
  1. tense
  2. aspect
  3. voice
  4. mood
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4
Q

Tense has to do with:

A

Tense is a grammar term used to indicate whether a sentence (or verb) is an action in the past, the present or the future. They indicate the verb’s position in time

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5
Q

Present tense form is used:

A

In general, the present tense form of the verb is used for a CURRENT state of affairs

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6
Q

Past tense form is used:

A

In general, the past tense form is used for a PAST state of affairs

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7
Q

future tense form is used:

A

for the future, will + plain verb form

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8
Q

Aspect describes

A

aspects describe how something can be viewed in relation to time, rather than when exactly they happened.

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9
Q

When do you use the PROGRESSIVE aspect?

A

if you see it as having limited duration = verb + -ing

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10
Q

It is raining - het regent - explain diference in dutch/english

A

ENG: It is raining - you are talking about a state of affairs that has limited duration
ENG: It rains - you are generalizing: what you have to say applies equally to past, future, or present.

DUTCH: het regent - only one form for both purposes

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11
Q

Voice is a matter of

A

the voice of a verb describes the relationship between the action (or state) that the verb expresses and the participants identified by its arguments (subject, object, etc.). When the subject is the agent or doer of the action, the verb is in the active voice. When the subject is the patient, target or undergoer of the action, the verb is said to be in the passive voice

Active voice
Passive voice

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12
Q

Passive voice

A

the focus is on the action

the man was bittin in the leg

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13
Q

active voice

A

what subject does

the dog bit the man in the leg

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14
Q

Mood reflects

A

Mood reflects the role that the clause plays in communication

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15
Q

3 moods

A
  1. indicative mood - statement and questions
  2. imperative mood - orders and requests (form is always plain form of the verb)
  3. subjunctive mood - used in fixed expressions (form is always plain form of the verb)
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16
Q

Grammatical verb =

A

grammatical verbs are known as auxiliary verbs or auxiliaries

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17
Q

A full clause will always contain

A

a verb

at least one, and a many as five.

18
Q

totally of verbs in a clause is

A

a verb phrase

19
Q

Auxiliary verbs are known as

A 
NICE properties
Negation
Initial
Code
Emphasis
20
Q

Negation auxiliary verb

A

if a clause contains at least 1 auxiliary verb, then it is negated by plaing not immediately after the first auxiliary verb in the sequence.

21
Q

Negation without auxiliary

A

if there is no auxiliary in the non-negated clause -> use a form of the auxiliary: DO

22
Q

Initial with auxiliary verb

A

if a clause contains at least one auxiliary verb, then it is questioned by positioning the first auxiliary verb in the inital position of the clause.

23
Q

Code with auxiliary verb

A

if a clause contains at least one auxiliary verb, then you can create a short follow up clause with a single auxiliary

24
Q

Emphasis with auxiliary verb

A

for emphasis you can stress the first auxiliary verb in the verb phrase

25
Q

Initial without auxiliary verb

A

If there is no auxiliary in the corresponding statement, a form of hte auxiliary verb do has to be inserted in the initial position to make a question

26
Q

Code without auxiliary verb

A

if there is no auxiliary verb in the first clause, the verb is either repeatet or coded by DO

27
Q

Emphasis without auxiliary verb

A

if there is no auxiliary verb in the verb phrase of the unemhatic version then a form of the verb do is inserted and stressed

28
Q

WHY nice test?

A

to distinguish between lexical verbs, which have NO NICE PROPERTIES and auxiliary verbs WHICH HAVE ALL THE NICE PROPERTIES

29
Q

Word classes

A 
Noun
Pronoun
verb
adjective
adverb
preposition
interjection
preposition
30
Q

Noun

A

lexical words, typically name the people, animals, things and places that occur in the state of affairs we are talking about

31
Q

his, her, its

A

possessive determiners

32
Q

he, she, it

A

pronouns

33
Q

noun phrase

A

single noun together with any of the various associated words (lexical or grammatical) which form a group witht the noun.

a noun phrase can be replaced as a whole by a single pronoun

34
Q

pronoun

A

pronouns are grammatical words

can be used to refer back to a preceding noun phrase

35
Q

Adjective

A

describe/modifies the noun
lexical words
many adjectives have comparative and superlative forms

36
Q

Dutch comparative forms
&
adjective creating by adding the suffix -EST

A

Dutch comparative forms can easily be made from adjectives with three or more syllables: belangrijker, interessanter

37
Q

Verb

A

A verb is the part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.

38
Q

main classes of verbs

A

lexical and auxililary

39
Q

auxiliary verb

A

determines the mood or tense of another verb in a phrase,

Is, am, are, was, were
Be, being, been
Has, have, had
Do, does, did
Will, shall, should, would
Can, could
May, might, must
40
Q

adverb

A

lexical words describe/modifie the verb often end in -ly

41
Q

preposition

A

A preposition is a word or group of words used before a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase to show direction, time, place, location, spatial relationships, or to introduce an object. Some examples of prepositions are words like “in,” “at,” “on,” “of,” and “to.”

42
Q

Simple present tense

A
  • habits

- facts

Elements (5 decks)

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