Grammar

Question 1

pronoun

Answer 1

• A pronoun is a word used in place of a noun.

- I, me, you, he, him, she, her, it, we , us, they and them

Question 2

Parsing nouns

Answer 2

• Common / proper
• Count / non-count
• Abstract / concrete
• Animate / inanimate

Question 3

A word used in place of a noun

Answer 3

Pronoun

Question 4

verb

Answer 4

expesses action or being

Question 5

Primary auxiliary

Answer 5

be, do, have

Question 6

Modal auxiliaries

Answer 6

can, could, may, might

Question 7

Adjective

Answer 7

• modifies/describes a noun or pronoun

- answers the question: which one?, what kind?, how many?

Question 8

Adverb

Answer 8

• modifies/describes a verb, an adjectie or another verb.
• often modifies by telling: how, when, where, why, under what conditions or to what degree
• often end in -ly

Question 9

Preposition

Answer 9

Prepositions are words that connect nouns to other words so they can describe those words. Examples include ‘’at’’, ‘’in’’, ‘’on’’, ’’before’’, and ‘’after’’.

• when ‘to’ is a preposition, it is followed by -ing forms.

Question 10

Noun

Answer 10

Nouns are words that represent persons, places, or things. Examples include ‘’boy,’’ ‘’girl,’’ ‘’cat’,’ ‘’dog’,’ ‘’grass’’, and ‘’home’’.

Question 11

Gerund

Answer 11

Gerunds are verbals that act as nouns; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ (as in ‘’acting,’’ the profession).

Question 12

Participles

Answer 12

Participles are verbals that act as adjectives; they usually end in ‘’-ing’’ or ‘’-ed’’ (as in ‘’melted’’ when describing melted chocolate)

Question 13

Conjunction

Answer 13

Conjunctions are words that connect other words or parts of sentences together. Examples include ‘’and’’, ‘’but’’, and ‘’or’’, as well as ‘’because’’ and ‘’when’’.

	For
	And 
	Nor
	But
	Or
	Yet
	So

Question 14

Interjections

Answer 14

nterjections are words exclaimed to represent outbursts of emotion or pain. Examples include ‘’hello’’, ‘’ouch’’, and ‘’oh’’. Interjections are followed by commas when the feeling is mild, or by exclamation points when the feeling is strong.

Question 15

Parts of speech

Answer 15

1. nouns
2. pronouns
3. verbs
4. adjectives
5. adverbs
6. prepositions
7. conjunctions
8. interjections

Question 16

What is a phrase

Answer 16

A phrase is a grouping of one or more words that conveys an idea, usually about something that exists or some type of action, and may include other words that modify it. The most important word in the phrase is called its head

Question 17

Types of phrases

Answer 17

• Noun phrase (the car)
• Verb phrase (has gone) (only verbs making up the phrase)
• Adjective phrase (very big) (word which modifies the head = always an adverb)
• Adverb phrase (very often) (word which modifies the head = always an adverb)
• Prepositional phrase (across the street) -> do not have pre-head modifiers because head word = the preposition (first word in the phrase).

Question 18

Determiners

Answer 18

used in front of nouns to indicate whether you are referring to something specific or something of a particular type.

• Articles: a, an, the
• Ordinals: first, second, third, last, next
• Numbers: one, two, three, four, twenty, fifty, hundred
• Demonstratives: this, that, these, those
• Possessive adj: my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
• Quantifiers: some, any, every, more, much, few, little

Question 19

Personal pronoun

Answer 19

First person refers to the speaker(s)/writer(s) of the message: I, me, mine, myself, we, us, our, ours, ourselves.
Second person refers to the person(s) being addressed: you, your, yours, yourself, yourselves.
Third person refers to ‘third parties’ (anyone else): he, him, his, himself, she, her, herself, it,

Question 20

Possessive pronoun

Answer 20

expresses ownership -> mine, yours, his, hers, its, ours, theirs.

Question 21

demonstrative pronoun

Answer 21

express a contrast between ‘near’ and ‘distant’ from the speaker -> this, that, these, those.

Look at this -> object is near to us
Look at that -> object is further away from us

Question 22

interrogative pronoun

Answer 22

ask questions about nouns -> who, whom, whose, which and what

Question 23

Reflexive pronoun

Answer 23

always end in -self or -selves. Their job is to ‘reflect’ the meaning of a noun or pronoun elsewhere in the clause.

• 1st person reflexive pronouns: myself, ourselves
• 2nd person reflexive pronouns: yourself, yourselves
• 3rd person reflexive pronouns: himself, herself, themselves

Question 24

Relative pronoun

Answer 24

used within the noun phrase. Their job is to link a particular kind of clause (relative clause) to the head noun of the phrase -> who, whom, whose, which, that.

Question 25

Indefinite pronoun

Answer 25

express a less specific meaning, often used at the beginning of a noun phrase and can also be followed by of. Quantity words: each, much, many, few, some, any, none, one. Compound words: someone, anybody.

Question 26

Transitive verbs

Answer 26

take an object

Question 27

Intransitive verbs

Answer 27

Do not take an object

Question 28

Intransitive

Answer 28

Subject + verb

Cats fight.

Question 29

Link verb/copula

Answer 29

Subject + Verb + Subject Complement

My cat is crazy.

Question 30

Mono-transitive (mono = 1)

Answer 30

Subject + Verb + Direct Object

I eat fish.

Question 31

Di-transitive (di=2)

Answer 31

Subject + Verb + Indirect object + Direct object.

I give you my phone.

Question 32

Complex-transitive

Answer 32

Subject + verb + direct object + object complement

I pronounce you husband and wife

Question 33

Finite verb

Answer 33

• Show tense: present or past
• Show person: 3rd (in present only)
• Show number: singular or plural
  • If there is only 1 verb in the sentence, that verb is finite.
  • If you have multiple verbs in a sentence, the first verb is finite.

Question 34

Non-finite verb

Answer 34

• Does not show number, person or tense.
• 4 noun-finite forms of a verb:
  1. Base form of the verb = infinitive
  2. -ing form of the verb = present participle
  3. -ed form of the verb = past participle
  4. Verbal noun in -ing = gerund