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T IoD cellular pathology > Principles of tumours > Flashcards

Principles of tumours Flashcards

1
Q

what is neoplasia?

A

A state of cell division without any external stimuli.

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2
Q

what is hypertrophy?

A

An increase in cell size

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3
Q

what is a neoplasm?

A

An abnormal mass of tissue with uncoordinated cell growth with no purpose

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4
Q

what are the characteristics of a benign tumour?

A 
Slow growing
Well circumscribed
Encapsulated by a layer of compressed fibrous tissue
not locally invasive
no metastatic potential
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5
Q

what are microscopic characteristics of a benign tumour?

A

well differentiated as they closely resemble the cell of origin
The cells are uniform throughout the tumour
Few mitoses
normaly nuclei: cytoplasmic ratio

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6
Q

what are characteristics of a malignant tumour?

A

Fast growing
poorly circumscribed
metastatic potential
non-encapsulated

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7
Q

what are the microscopic characteristics of a malignant tumour?

A 
Variable differentiation
pleomorphism 
many mitoses
nuclear staining
high nuclear: cytoplasmic ratio
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8
Q

what are the main two characteristics of cancer?

A

Invasive growth

metastatic potential

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9
Q

what is a malignant epithelial tumour called?

A

Carcinoma

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10
Q

what is a malignant squamous epithelium tumour?

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

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11
Q

what is a malignant tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

adenocarcinoma

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12
Q

what is a benign tumour of glandular epithelium?

A

Adenoma

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13
Q

what is the most common type of malignant tumour in the adult population?

A

carcinoma; arising from the epithelium

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14
Q

how do carcinomas tend to metastasise?

A

via the lymphatic tissue

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15
Q

what is the most common type of carcinoma?

A

adenocarcinoma

squamous cell carcinoma

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16
Q

what are properties of an adenocarcinoma?

A

Gland formation
mucin production
signet ring cells

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17
Q

what are properties of a squamous cell carcinoma?

A

Keratin formation

intracellular bridges between cells.

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18
Q

what is grade an assessment of?

A

Differentiation

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19
Q

what does grade reflect?

A

how closely it resembles the normal tissue from which its arised.

20
Q

who can grade tumours?

A

only a pathologist because you have to look down the microscope to measure differentiation

21
Q

What does tumour grade correlate with?

A

How aggressive the behaviour is

22
Q

what grading is used for most carcinomas?

A

A 3 tier system depending on the degree of differentiation

23
Q

what grading system is used for renal cell carcinoma?

A

the Fuhrman system which is 4 tier

24
Q

what grading system is used for prostatic carcinoma?

A

The gleason system which is 5 tiers.

25
Q

What type of carcinomas aren’t graded at all?

A

small cell lung carcinomas

basal skin carcinomas

26
Q

what is staging?

A

The process of determining how much cancer there is in the body and where it’s located. A measure of spread

27
Q

in carcinoma what is the single most prognostic factor?

A

Stage

28
Q

why do we stage patients?

A
  • plan treatment
  • prognostics
  • help doctors communicate
  • identify clinical trials
29
Q

how do we stage a patient?

A
  1. clinical; physical exam
  2. radiologically; CT/MRI/PET
  3. surgical
  4. pathological
30
Q

what is the most common system for staging?

A

TNM

31
Q

what is required for a definite diagnosis of cancer?

A

A tissue for histology.

32
Q

what are local symptoms of cancer?

A

Symptoms related to tissue destruction at the site of the cancer for example lung carcinoma causing cough

33
Q

what are metastatic symptoms of cancer?

A

Related to secondary deposits of the cancer at distant organs

34
Q

what are systemic symptoms of cancer?

A

Due to release of cytokines from tumour cells. prolonged fever, weight less etc

35
Q

what is paraneoplastic syndrome?

A

syndromes caused by substances that are produced by tumour cells.

36
Q

what are four ways cells can adapt to their environment?

A

Atrophy
hyperplasia
hypertrophy
metaplasia

37
Q

what is metaplasia?

A

one mature cell type replaces another mature cell type meaning a change in the pattern of differentiation

38
Q

What metaplasia can be caused in the cervix due to vaginal acid?

A

Columnar glandular epithelium becoming squamous epithelium

39
Q

what is dysplasia?

A

Disordered growth or differentiation. it’s pre-malignant

40
Q

what is carcinoma in situ?

A

Despite carcinoma this doesn’t mean epithelial cancer. it’s severe dysplasia.

41
Q

T/F; have cells that have dysplasia/ carcinoma in situ invaded through the cell membrane?

A

NO

42
Q

what are characteristics of cells showing dysplasia?

A

Larger nuclei, pleomorphism.

43
Q

why are dysplasia and carcinoma in situ not considered cancer?

A

There are two main characteristics of cancer: invasive and ability to metastase. dysplasia and carcinoma in situ haven’t cross the basement membrane so aren’t invasive.

44
Q

why is carcinoma considered cancerous?

A

it has crossed the basement membrane so shows invasive growth and metastatic potential

45
Q

what is barretts oesophagus?

A

There is squamous mucosa in the oesophagus, GORD causing metaplasia into glandular mucosa.

T IoD cellular pathology (10 decks)

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