GI pathology Flashcards
what layer of the GI tract changes throughout?
Mucosa
what type of mucosa is in the oesophagus?
Stratified squamous
what colour is oesophageal mucosa normally to the naked eye?
white
what mucosa is the stomach got?
thick glandular mucosa
what mucosa does the small intestine have?
Glandular with villi mucosa
what is the structural difference between the small and large intestine?
Small: more villi
Large: more crypts
what are causes of gastritis?
H pylori
NSAIDS
what causes a stress ulcer?
When the body is under stress the large amounts of steroids released cause damage
what are GORD risk factors?
Smoking, drinking, obesity, hiatus hernia, pregnancy
what is the change in Barretts?
Squamous epithelium to columnar
what blood tests are used for coeliacs?
Anti TTG
anti-endomysial
what is coeliac associated with?
Small bowel lymphoma Dermatitis herpetiformis (blistering rash_
what symptoms make up charcots triad?
- jaundice
- fever
- SEVERE RUQ pain
what is a fistula?
A communication between two epithelial surfaces
what are the concentric layers of the GI tract?
- mucosa
- submucosa
- muscularis propria
- subserosa
- serosa
what are complications of GORD?
- stricture causing dysphagia
- bleeding via peptic ulcer
- barretts oesophagus.
what group is oesophageal cancer most common in?
males between 50-70
what are the key investigations for oesophageal cancer?
Endoscopy
Biopsy
what is the most common type of oesophageal cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
what are risk factors for gastric cancer?
- H pylori infection
- cigarette smoking
- alcohol
- diet
- autoimmune gastritis
how can gastric cancer present?
- new onset dyspepsia
- unintended weight loss
- progressive dysphagia
- vomiting
- virchows node in the left supraclavicular fossa
what are the two main types of gastric adenocarcinomas?
- intestinal type
2. diffuse type
what type of gastric adenocarcinomas tends to present in the younger age group?
Diffuse type Adenocarcinoma
what type of gastric adenocarcinoma shows gland formation lined by mucus secreting cells?
Intestinal type
what type fo gastric adenocarcinoma shows signet ring cells?
diffuse type adenocarcinomas
what type of gastric adenocarcinoma has a better prognosis?
intestinal type
what are types of gallstones and their appearance?
- cholesterol stone. Large and yellow
- bilirubinate stone; small and pigmented
- mixed stones
what are the main risks for developing cholesterol stones?
Female, obesity, middle age, family history
why does crohns disease lead to a higher likelihood of gall stones?
leads to malabsorption of bile salts from the terminal ileum
what will be seen if the gallstone impacts the common bile duct?
obstructive jaundice
development of ascending cholangitis
what is the most common cause of acute pancreatitis?
gallstones
what is courvoisiers law?
A jaundiced patient with a palpable gallbladder means the jaundice is unlikely to be due to gallstones impacting the biliary system
what is the most common type of pancreatic cancer?
Adenocarcinoma
what is the presentation of tumour of the head of the pancreas?
obstructive jaundice
weight loss
mid epigastric pain
what is removed in whipples procedure?
distal stomach gallbladder common bile duct head of the pancreas duodenum proximal jejunum regional lymph nodes
what is the pathogenesis of coeliacs?
gliadin in gluten triggers inappropriate activation of T cells damaging intestinal epithelium cells
what haplotypes are present in coeliacs?
HLA DQ2
HLA DQ8
what is gold standard diagnosis for coeliacs?
endoscopy and duodenal biopsy
why are coeliac disease patients at higher risk of osteopenia and osteoporosis?
Due to less calcium
what is osteopenia?
reduced bone density
