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Therapeutics > principles of prescribing > Flashcards

principles of prescribing Flashcards

1
Q

which three groups of patients do you need to be cautious with when prescribing

A
  • children
  • pregnancy/lactation
  • elderly
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2
Q

what do training and healthcare professionals place a greater emphasis on

A

diagnostic rather than therapeutic skills

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3
Q

what does the choice of treatment depend on

A

the patient

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4
Q

when does prescribing practice need to be adapted

A

as the patient demographics vary e.g. young, elderly and other ‘at risk’ groups

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5
Q

what 4 things do poor prescribing habits lead to

A
  • ineffective and unsafe treatment
  • prolongation of illness
  • distress and harm to the patient
  • higher costs of treatment
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6
Q

list the 5 stages in the process of rationale prescribing

A
  1. specify the therapeutic objective
  2. make an inventory of possible treatments
  3. choose a treatment (taking into account efficacy, safety suitability and cost)
  4. provide patient with clear information and instructions
  5. monitor the effectiveness of the treatment (if therapeutic objective is being achieved)

this is what we hope to achieve behind prescribing this particular drug

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7
Q

what does someone being under the age of 12 constitute

A

a child, so be cautious with choice of drug

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8
Q

what is the first step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction

A

define the clinical problem

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9
Q

how do you define the clinical problem of 10 year old child who visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction
give 4 actions

A
  • exclude more serious causes of red eye
  • are the signs and symptoms suggestive of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis
  • assess the severity of the problem
  • are there any associated symptoms
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10
Q

why is it important to find out if there are any associated symptoms with 10 year old child who visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction

A

with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis, are the eye symptoms associated with nasal symptoms
important because if our therapeutic objective is to treat the eye symptoms, we might control the eye symptoms but we won’t be doing anything for the nasal symptoms

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11
Q

what is the second step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, once you have defined the clinical problem

A

specify the therapeutic objective

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12
Q

how do you specify the therapeutic objective of 10 year old child who visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction and why

A

you alleviate the symptoms
because this is the main therapeutic objective and you want to improve the appearance of the eye by controlling the disease

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13
Q

what is the third step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, once you have decided that you want to specify the therapeutic objective

A

you find an inventory of possible treatments

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14
Q

what is the recommended inventory of possible treatments for a 10 year old child who visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, who has been defined as having seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • identify the allergens and avoid if possible (so think about the non pharmacological options available to us)
  • recommend antihistamine or mast-cell stabiliser eye drops
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15
Q

which possible treatment of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis provides a more rapid relief of symptoms

A

topical anti histamine

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16
Q

which topical eye drop may be considered first line for prophylaxis

A

mast cell stabiliser

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17
Q

how does a mast cell stabiliser work

A
  • it takes several weeks to act

- it reduces degranulation of the mast cells

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18
Q

what will you advise to you px when prescribing them with a mast cell stabiliser for their seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

they may not get relief for the first few weeks, but eventually they will

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19
Q

when will you consider oral antihistamines or intranasal corticosteroids for a patient who suffers from seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

if there are associated symptoms of: rhinorrhoea, sneezing or nasal irritation

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20
Q

as well as taking therapeutic agents, what else can you advise your patient to do if they have seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

a cold compress with a flannel and cold water as this may be soothing

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21
Q

what is the fourth step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, once you have found an inventory of possible treatments

A

you choose a treatment

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22
Q

what is there limited evidence on about topical antihistamines

A

that they are quicker to act than mast cell stabilisers

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23
Q

what are anti-allergy drugs not associated with

A

any significant safety concerns

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24
Q

what should the choice of topical treatment be made according to, when choosing between anti histamines and mast cell stabilisers, to treat seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

the needs and preference of the individual you are treating

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25
Q

what choice of drug is recommended if a patient has intermittent symptoms of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

topical anti-histamine

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26
Q

when would you recommend a topical mast cell stabiliser to a patient with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis be the first treatment choice and give 3 reasons why

A

if prevention of the allergy over a longer period is required, because:

  • it gives rapid relief of allergic conjunctivitis (not as rapid as topical anti histamines)
  • it is well tolerated
  • theres few adverse effects
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27
Q

as an optometrists, how will you go about supplying both a topical anti histamine and topical mast cell stabiliser combined, in order to treat someone with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • refer to an independent prescribing optometrist
    or
  • refer to the GP to get a prescription for the particular drug
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28
Q

what should an individual therapeutic product be selected based upon

A

their convenience of use and cost

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29
Q

what has the combination of anti histamine and mast cell stabiliser proven to be and give an example of one

A

more cost effective

e.g. olopatadine

30
Q

what should you consider over topical anti histamines if nasal symptoms are also present in addition to seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

systemin anti histamines

31
Q

what do you need to consider when choosing a treatment for a 10 y/o child complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction and a diagnosis of seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A

whether the drugs of choice are licensed for a 10 year old

32
Q

children and particularly ________ differ in their ___________ to ________

A

children and particularly neonates differ in their response to drugs

33
Q

what is increased with neonates and drugs

A

the risk of toxicity

34
Q

how is the risk of toxicity of drugs increased in neonates

A

by reduced drug clearance and difference target organ sensitivity

35
Q

drugs are ____ extensively _________ in children

A

drugs are not extensively tested in children

36
Q

what may not be available to ensure precise dosing for children

A

suitability formulations

37
Q

how will you check suitability for use of a drug in children

A

by referring to the SPC or other reliable sources of information

there may not be a licence formulation for children under 12 years old

38
Q

what are the two top general topical anti histamines available OTC and what are the age groups

A
  • antazoline > 12 years

- azelastine > 4 years SAC, > 12 years PAC

39
Q

which three topical anti histamines are only available on prescription and what are their age groups

A
  • emedastine > 3 years
  • ketotifen > 3 years
  • lodoxamide > 4 years
40
Q

name a topical mast cell stabiliser available OTC and what is the age group

A
  • nedocromil sodium > 6 years
41
Q

name a combines topical mast cell stabiliser and anti histamine and what is the age group

A
  • olopatadine > 3 years
42
Q

why is antazoline topical antihistamine only available to > 12 year old children

A

because it contains vasoconstrictor and that is the contraindicative part

43
Q

name an oral anti histamine that you will not give to a 10 year old child, what is the dose and instructions of this medication and what is the minimum age allowed to take it

A
  • cetirazine 10mg, zirtec (P)
  • 10mg
  • 1x tablet taken daily
  • > 12 years old
44
Q

name an oral anti histamine that you will give to a 10 year old child, what is the dose and instructions of this medication and what is the minimum age allowed to take it

A
  • cetirazine 5mg, zirtec syrup (P)
  • 5mg
  • 1x 5ml taken daily
  • > 2 years old

this is a child specific formulation

45
Q

what is the fifth step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, are diagnosed with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and have chosen a treatment

A

you provide clear instructions

46
Q

what clear instructions on a drug will your provide to a patient with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • instructions on the use of drops (make sure they know how to put it in)
  • if mast cell stabiliser, advise that may take 3 weeks for maximal effect
47
Q

what is the sixth step to take if a 10 year old child visits you complaining of itching epiphora of a 2 week duration, with signs of lid oedema, conjunctival oedema, redness of the tarsal conjunctiva with a papillary reaction, are diagnosed with seasonal allergic conjunctivitis and have provided clear instructions on the drug

A

monitor

48
Q

what will you monitor for after supplying a patient with topical anti histamines or mast cell stabilisers to treat seasonal allergic conjunctivitis

A
  • relief of symptoms?
  • compliance?
  • adverse reactions?
49
Q

why should medication be used with caution in pregnancy or when breast feeding

A

as drugs have the potential to cause harm by crossing the placenta or entering breast milk

50
Q

what 2 possible things can happen and what implications can this have, once a drug is taken (even if topically) and is in the plasma as it goes through systemic absorption

A
  • drug can cross a placental barrier and influence the developing foetus
    or
  • drug can pass the plasma and into the breast milk and therefore get passed to the child
51
Q

what should be avoided and considered when prescribing in pregnancy

A
  • avoid unnecessary drug use

- consider noon-drug therapy

52
Q

what must you assess when prescribing in pregnancy

A

the benefits/risk ratio for both mother and developing baby

53
Q

why must you avoid ALL drugs in the 1st trimester of pregnancy wherever possible

A

this is the greatest risk for teratogenesis which is the 3-11 weeks of pregnancy
this is the period of organ development

54
Q

why must you avoid drugs in the 2nd and 3rd trimesters of pregnancy

A

they may affect the growth of the foetus or functional development or have a toxic effect of foetal tissue

55
Q

which type of medicines carry greatest risk in pregnancy/lactation

A

systemic

56
Q

what do topical medicines vary in during pregnancy/lactation

A

vary in their potential risk

57
Q

which medication has safety not been established during pregnancy or is not know whether its secreted into breast milk

A

the OTC anti histamine antazoline 0.5%

58
Q

which is the most appropriate therapy for giant papillary conjunctivitis exasperated by hay fever for a pregnant or lactating patient

A

sodium cromoglycate 2%

59
Q

what should be avoided and considered when prescribing for breast feeding mothers

A

unnecessary drug use and consider non drug treatments first

60
Q

what should you assess when prescribing for breast feeding mothers

A

the benefit/risk ratio for both mother and infant

61
Q

which type of drugs should you avoid when prescribing for breast feeding mothers

A

drugs know to cause serious toxicity in adults or children

if the drug is toxic in adults, it will be even more toxic in children

62
Q

which type of drugs should you use if you decide to and why when prescribing for breast feeding mothers

A

use older drugs first-line as these will have a more detailed safety history; use the lowest effective dose

63
Q

what type of drugs do not generally pose a hazard for breast feeding mothers and why

A

drugs licensed for use in infants

64
Q

why are neonates and particularly premature infants at greater risk from exposure to drugs via breast milk

A

because of the immature/underdeveloped excretory functions and the consequent risk of drug accumulation

65
Q

why may multiple drug regimes pose an increased risk to breastfeeding mothers

A

as adverse effects may be additive

66
Q

what should you do for infants exposed to drugs via breast milk and why

A

they should be monitored

for unusual signs and symptoms

67
Q

what is there a reduction in with age

A

renal drug clearance

68
Q

which substances are a problem for drugs hat are excreted unchanged by the kidney and have a narrow therapeutic index with the elderly

A

digoxin or lithium

69
Q

which diseases worsen renal function in the elderly

A

diabetes and heart failure

70
Q

in general, older people have an increased ___________ to drugs, particularly those acting on the __________ __________ system

A

in general, older people have an increased sensitivity to drugs, particularly those acting on the central nervous system

71
Q

what 2 things may frail elderly people have difficulty in and what can be done to help them with this

A
  • difficulty swallowing tablets or using eye drops

- consider using compliance aids for eyedrops

Therapeutics (19 decks)

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