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Pharmacology > Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the only form form prescribing controlled substances

A

DD 1289

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2
Q

3 forms for prescribing medications

A

CHCH, DD 1289, Poly- NAVMED6710/6

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3
Q

what is the form form multiple prescriptions

A

NAVMED 6710/6

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4
Q

What must prescriptions be written with

A

ink. indelible pencil or typewritten

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5
Q

info that must be on the prescription form

A

Name, SSN/DODID
Date written
PT’s age and DOB

Full name of drug, form of drug, dosage size and strength written in metric, quantity to be dispensed. written generically.

directions for the patient
legible signature of provider
refill authorization

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6
Q

directions for the patient on the dd1289, what is it called

A

signa

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7
Q

what is an inscription

A

name of drug and ammount

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8
Q

what is the subscription on the prescription form

A

amount of dispensed medication

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9
Q

What are the general principles of pharmacology?

A

(1) The factors that affect the actions of drugs.
(2) Factors that affect drug reactions.
(3) Various types of drug interactions.
(4) Factors influencing drug response interactions.

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10
Q

what is pharmacokinetic?

A

Activities of the drug after it enters the body. Pharmacokinetics is
the study of drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion. A fundamental concept in pharmacokinetics is drug clearance, that is, elimination of drugs from the body.

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11
Q

What is absorption?

A

The transfer of the drug from the body fluids to the tissues.

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12
Q

What is active absorption?

A

Carrier molecule such as a protein or enzyme

actively moves the drug across the membrane.

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13
Q

What is passive absorption?

A

Diffuse across a membrane from area of
higher concentration to an area of lower concentration (Water
Soluble Drugs).

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14
Q

What is pinocytosis?

A

Cells engulf the drug particle across the cell membrane. Think
packman!

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15
Q

What is bioavailability?

A

Bioavailability is a subcategory of absorption. It is the percentage of the administered drug dose that reaches the systemic circulation

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16
Q

what is the bioavailability of most oral drugs?

A

Oral drugs that have a first pass hepatic metabolism

may only have a bioavailability of 20-40% as opposed to I.V medications that have a 100% bioavailability.

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17
Q

What are some factors that alter bioavailability?

A

(1) The drug from (e.g. tablet, capsule, sustained release, liquid, trans-dermal patch, inhalation).
(2) Route of administration
(3) Changes in Liver metabolism caused by dysfunction.
(4) G I mucosa and motility.
(5) Food and drugs
(6) Solubility: Drugs that are fat soluble are absorbed faster than water-soluble drugs.

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18
Q

What is distribution?

A

Movement of drug throughout the body typically on

proteins (albumin).

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19
Q

What is the therapeutic affect?

A

Drug levels in blood to produce desired effect.

(a) Too high = toxic
(b) Too low = decreased effect.

20
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Chemical reaction by with liver converts drug to inactive compound.

21
Q

Where does metabolism occur?

A

Metabolism occurs in the Liver, Kidneys, lungs, plasma, and

intestinal mucosa.

22
Q

What is excretion?

A

Elimination of drugs from the body.

23
Q

What is half life?

A

Time required for the body to eliminate 50% of the drug

24
Q

what is pharmacodynamics?

A

Drug’s actions and effects within the body

25
Q

what are the two types of effects on the body?

A

(1) Primary or desired effect.

(2) Secondary effects (side effects) – desired or undesired.

26
Q

what is physical dependence?

A

A compulsive need to use a substance

repeatedly to avoid mild to severe withdrawal symptoms.

27
Q

what is Psychological dependence?

A

A compulsion to use a substance to obtain a pleasurable experience

28
Q

What is a pharmacogenetic disorder?

A

A genetically determined abnormal response to normal doses of a drug.

29
Q

what is a receptor?

A

A specialized macromolecule that binds to the drug
molecule, altering the function of the cell and producing the
therapeutic response.

30
Q

Alterations in Cellular Environment:

A

A drug that alters cellular function can increase or decrease the physiologic functions of the cell
Ex: Increased heart rate, decrease blood pressure.

(1) Therapeutic Response: Alteration of cell to achieve the desired response.
(2) Agonist: Drug that binds with a receptor to produce the
therapeutic response.
(3) Antagonist: Drug binds to receptor stronger than the
agonist thus producing no pharmacologic effect Ex: Narcan
is antagonist to morphine.

31
Q

What is an adverse reaction?

A

Undesirable drug effects.

32
Q

What is an allergic reaction?

A

A drug reaction that occurs because the individual’s immune system views the drug as a foreign substance.

33
Q

What is drug idiosyncrasy

A

Any unusual or abnormal reaction to a drug that a patient can
have, that do not occur in the vast majority of patients taking the same drug.

34
Q

what is Drug tolerance

A

A decreased response to a drug, requiring an

increase in dosage to achieve the desired effect.

35
Q

What is Cumulative drug effect?

A

A drug effect that occurs when the body has not fully metabolized a dose of a drug before the next dose is given.

36
Q

What is toxic?

A

A harmful drug effect if it is delivered in high dose or
when blood concentration levels exceed therapeutic level (as
seen in patients with Liver or Kidney disease).

37
Q

What is pharmacogenetics reactions?

A

Inherited traits that cause abnormal metabolism of the drug. Ex: G6PD patient taking aspirin or sulfonamides will have hemolysis of their RBCs.

38
Q

What is the pharmaceutic phase?

A

The dissolution of a drug. Usually applying to the breakdown

of tablets.

39
Q

What is drug interaction?

A

When one drug interacts with or interferes with the
action of another drug. Ex: Antacid with oral tetracycline decrease
effectiveness of tetracycline

40
Q

What is an additive drug reaction?

A

A reaction that occurs when the combined effect of two drugs is equal to the sum of each drug given alone.

41
Q

What is synergism?

A

A drug interaction that occurs when drugs produce an effect that is greater than the sum of their separate actions.

42
Q

What is an antagonist drug reaction?

A

When one drug interferes with the action of another, causing neutralization or a decrease in the effect of one drug. Ex: Protamine sulfate completely neutralizes the
effects of heparin.

43
Q

What is Drug - Food Interactions:

A

Drug given orally, food may impair or enhance its absorption. Ex: Proton Pump Inhibitor should be taken 1
hour before meals.

44
Q

What are all the factors influencing drug response?

A 
Age
Weight 
Gender 
Disease 
Route of administration 
Drug use and pregnancy.
    (1) Teratogen: A substance that may produce physical or functional defects in a human embryo or fetus.
45
Q

The federal drug administration established how many categories of pregnancy categories?

A

Pregnancy CAT: A, B, C, D, X

Pharmacology (4 decks)

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