Principles of Pharmacology 1

Question 1

AFFINITY

Answer 1

refers to the strength of the drug-receptor interaction

Question 2

what type of biomolecules are receptors

Answer 2

proteins

Question 3

how many types of receptors do we have, name them

Answer 3

4
Ligand-gated ion channel (ionotropic) receptors
G-protein coupled (metabotropic) receptors
Kinase-linked receptors
Nuclear receptors

Question 4

Lipophobic

Lipophilic

Answer 4

substances or molecules that are not soluble in or repel lipids (fats and oils)

substances or molecules that are soluble in lipids and tend to interact with fats and oils

Question 5

which receptors in the cell do lipophilic signal molecules bind to

Answer 5

these molecules diffuse through the cell and bind to cytosolic or nuclear receptors

Question 6

which receptors in the cell can lipophobic and lipophilic signal molecules bind to

Answer 6

receptors on the cell membrane

Question 7

hormones

Answer 7

Molecules Released from one cell into extracellular space/circulation to travel to a new site of action where they provoke a specific response

Question 8

in which neurons are neurotransmitters synthesized

Answer 8

in the pre-synaptic neuron

Question 9

exocytosis

Answer 9

Exocytosis is a cellular process that involves the release of substances from a cell by the fusion of membrane-bound vesicles with the cell membrane (plasma membrane)

Question 10

name 5 types of neurotransmitters

Answer 10

acetylcholine
monoamines (noradrenaline, dopamine)
amino acids
neuropeptides (endorphins)
purines
soluble gases (nitric oxide)

Question 11

name some amino acids that can act as neurotransmitters

Answer 11

GABA and Glutamate

Question 12

which types of molecules act as the major inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters in the CNS

Answer 12

amino acids

Question 13

Neurotransmitters cannot stay in the synapse for too long. what happens to neurotransmitters after they have carried out their function?

Answer 13

they are reabsorbed by transporter proteins on the pre-synaptic membrane. once reabsorbed they can be repackaged for reuse or broken down.

Some neurotransmitters simply diffuse away from the synaptic cleft and are absorbed by nearby cells or the bloodstream.

Some neurotransmitters are broken down by enzymes present in the synaptic cleft. The most well-known example of this process involves acetylcholine, which is broken down by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. (enzymatic degradation)

Question 13

why are some neurotransmitters broken down in the synaptic cleft

Answer 13

prevents the continued stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron.

Question 13

which amino acid constitutes 40% of inhibitory transmission

which amino acid constitutes 50% of excitatory transmission

Answer 13

GABA

Glutamate

Question 14

how many types of extra-cellular receptors are there, name them

name the intra-cellular receptor present in human cells

Answer 14

3
ligand-gated channel receptors
kinase-linked(tyrosine kinase) receptors
G-protein coupled receptors

nuclear receptors

Question 15

what kind of drugs are extracellular receptors for

Answer 15

hydrophilic(lipophobic) and large drugs

Question 16

what kind of drugs are intracellular receptors for

Answer 16

hydrophobic(lipophilic) and small drugs

Question 17

drugs with high affinity have high potency, true or false

Answer 17

Not necessarily true, so false