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Biology > Principles Of Organisation > Flashcards

Principles Of Organisation Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the role of the pancreas and the salivary glands in the digestive system?

A

They produce enzymes (protease, amylase and lipase)

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2
Q

What is the role of the stomach in the digestive system? (2)

A

Produces hydrochloric acid to kill bacteria

Provides optimum acudic pH for protease

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3
Q

What is the role of the small intestine in the digestive system?

A

The site where soluble food molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream

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4
Q

What is the role of the liver in the digestive system?

A

Produces bile (stored in the gall bladder (emulsifies lipids and neutralises pH of the stomach for lipase))

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5
Q

What is the role of the large intestine in the digestive system?

A

Absorbs water and salts from undigested food, producing faeces

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6
Q

What is the role of enzymes in the digestive system?

A

They act as biological catalysts which speed up the rate of reactions

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7
Q

How does the shape of the enzyme affect its function?

A

The specific active site is complimentary to their substrate

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8
Q

What is metabolism

A

The sum of all the reactions in a cell or organism

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9
Q

How does temperature affect emzyme action?

A

Up to a certain point, increasing temperature increases enzyme action. Above the optimum temperature the shape of the active site is altered and the enzyme becomes denatured.

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10
Q

How does pH affect the enzyme function?

A

If the pH is too high the shape of the active site may be altered and the enzyme denatured

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11
Q

Where are carbohydrases, proteases and lipases produced in the body?

A

Carbohydrase: salivary glands, small intestine, pancreas

Protease: stomach, small intestine, pancreas

Lipase: small intestine, pancreas

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12
Q

What is the role of carbohydrases (+amylase), protease and lipase

A

Carbohydrase (amylase) : glucose into starch

Protease: proteins into amino acids

Lipase: fat into glycerol and fatty acids

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13
Q

How are the products of digestion used?

A

Used to build up bigger molecules, like glucose as a substrate in respiration

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14
Q

Where is bile made and stored?

A

Bile is made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the circulatory system?

A

To carry oxygen and other useful sybstances to bodily tissues and remove waste substances like urea and carbon dioxide

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16
Q

Describe the journey of blood through the double circulatory system.

A

Deoxygenated blood enters from the vena cava, into the right atrium, through the vavles and then into the right ventricle.

The blood travels up and leaves the heart through the pulmonary artery and travels to the lungs where it becomes oxygenated.

It re-enters the heart through the aorta and travels into the left atrium, through the valves and then into the left ventricle.

The blood then leaves the body through the pulmonary vein and to the body cells to be used up.

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17
Q

Why is the wall of the left ventricle thicker?

A

It has to pump blood at a higher pressure around the whole body

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18
Q

What is the purpose of the coronary arteries

A

They supply the heart muscle with oxygen

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19
Q

What is the approximate value of the natural resting heart rate?

A

70 bpm

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20
Q

How is the heart rate controlled?

A

By a group of cells un the right atrium (pacemaker) which release waves if electrical activity to cause the heart to contract

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21
Q

How can an abnormal heart rate be treated?

A

Artificial pacemaker

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22
Q

How are arteries adapted for their function? (2)

A

Thick muscle layer

Thick elastic layer

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23
Q

How are veins adapted for their function? (2)

A

Wide lumen

Valves

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24
Q

How are capillaries adapted for their function? (3)

A

One cell thick walls (SDP)

Permeable walls

Narrow lumen

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25
Q

How do you calculate the rate of blood flow?

A

Volume of blood / number of minutes

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26
Q

Where are the lungs found in the body?

A

In the thorax, protected by the ribcage and separated from the abdomen by the diaphagm

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27
Q

Explain how the lungs are ventilated by the action of intercostal muscles

A

● Intercostal muscles contract
● Ribcage moves upwards and outwards
● Diaphragm flattens and volume of the chest increases
● Increased volume results in decreased pressure
● Air is drawn into lungs down pressure gradient

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28
Q

Describe how gas exchange occurs at the alveoli

A

● Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into the
capillary bloodstream down its concentration
gradient.

● Carbon dioxide diffuses from the capillary into
the alveoli down its concentration gradient.

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29
Q

Describe how alveoli are adapted for gas exchange. (3)

A

● Small and arranged in clusters - larger surface
area.

● Rich blood supply - maintains concentration
gradient.

● Thin walls - short diffusion pathway.

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30
Q

What substances are transported by plasma? (7)

A

● Red blood cells
● White blood cells
● Platelets
● Carbon dioxide
● Urea
● Products of digestion (nutrients)
● Hormones

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31
Q

How are red blood cells adapted for their function? (3)

A

● Biconcave shape - increased surface area to
volume ratio.
● No nucleus - more room for haemoglobin to
bind to oxygen.
● Contain haemoglobin - binds to oxygen.
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32
Q

What is the purpose of white blood cells in blood?

A

They form part of the immune system, which protects the body from invading pathogens.

33
Q

How are white blood cells adapted for their function? (4)

A

● Have a nucleus - contains DNA which codes for
proteins
● Can produce antibodies
● Can produce antitoxins
● Can engulf and digest pathogens (phagocytosis)

34
Q

What is the purpose of platelets in blood?

A

Platelets are small cell fragments which aid the clotting of blood at the site of a wound.

They prevent excessive bleeding with scab formation (after the clot has dried) to prevent bacteria from entering the wound.

35
Q

What is coronary heart disease?

A

Coronary heart disease occurs when the coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked with a buildup of fatty material.

This restricts the supply of oxygen to the heart, possibly leading to a heart attack or death.

36
Q

What is a stent and how does it work?

A

A stent is a metal mesh tube that is inserted into a blocked artery so that it remains open.

The stent is inflated using a balloon, which is later removed to allow blood to flow freely.

37
Q

What are the advantages (3) and disadvantages (2) of stents?

A

Advantages
● Insertion can be carried out without general anaesthetic
● Quick recovery time
● Lower the risk of a heart attack

Disadvantages
● Risk of postoperative infection
● Risk of blood clots at site of stent

38
Q

What are statins?

A

Statins are drugs which reduce the level of LDL (bad) cholesterol which contributes to the development of coronary heart disease

39
Q

What are the advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of statins?

A

Advantages
● Reduce risk of strokes, coronary heart disease and heart
attacks
● Increase level of HDL (good) cholesterol

Disadvantages
● Have to be taken continuously
● May have side effects
● Effect may not be immediate

40
Q

What are the consequences of leaky heart valves?

A

Blood flows in the wrong direction, causing the heart to become less efficient. Patients may become breathless and die as a result.

41
Q

What types of valves can replace leaky valves? (2)

A

● Mechanical - made of metal or polymers

● Biological - taken from animals (pigs,
sometimes humans)

42
Q

What are the advantages (1) and disadvantages (1) of mechanical valves?

A

Advantages
● Last for a very long time

Disadvantages
● Need to take medication to prevent blood clotting around valve

43
Q

What are the advantages (1) and disadvantages (1) of biological valves?

A

Advantages
● Work very well - no medication required

Disadvantages
● Only lasts 12-15 years

44
Q

What is the purpose of an artificial heart?

A

Artificial hearts are intended to support a patient’s heart while they wait for a suitable donor heart.

45
Q

What are the advantages (2) and disadvantages (3) of artificial hearts?

A

Advantages
● Less likely to be rejected by immune system
● Allows damaged heart to rest to help recovery

Disadvantages
● Risk of infection due to surgery
● Risk of blood clots
● Have to take blood-thinning drugs

46
Q

What is health?

A

Health is the state of physical and mental wellbeing

47
Q

How can diet affect health?

A

● Too little food / lack of nutrition - anaemia, vitamin deficiencies.

● Too much food / too much unhealthy food - obesity, type 2 diabetes

48
Q

What other life situations can affect health?

A

Many life factors such as location, gender, financial status, ethnic group and healthcare provision can impact a person’s mental and physical health.

49
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

A risk factor is an aspect of a person’s lifestyle or a substance found in the body or the environment which can increase the risk of a disease.

50
Q

How do diet, smoking and exercise affect the development of cardiovascular disease?

A

● Diet: high levels of LDL cholesterol causes arteries to
become blocked, increasing blood pressure and the risk of
a heart attack.

● Smoking: nicotine increases heart rate; other chemicals
damage the artery lining and increase blood pressure.

● Exercise: lowers blood pressure, reducing strain on the
heart.

51
Q

How does alcohol affect liver and brain function?

A

● Excessive long-term alcohol use may lead
to liver cirrhosis (scarring of the liver).

● Increases risk of liver cancer.

● Damages brain tissue and nerve cells.

52
Q

How do smoking and alcohol affect unborn babies?

A

● Carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke reduces the
amount of oxygen the foetus receives, which can lead
to premature birth or stillbirth.

● Alcohol passes across the placenta and damages the
developing foetus. Once born, the baby may have a
number of deformities and health problems as part of
foetal alcohol syndrome.

53
Q

What is a carcinogen?

A

Something that causes cancer

54
Q

How do carcinogens affect the development of cancer?

A

Ionising radiation is a type of carcinogen which can cause mutations in DNA, potentially
leading to cancer.

55
Q

What is cancer?

A

Cancer is the development of a tumour as a result of uncontrolled cell division.

56
Q

What is a benign tumour?

A

● A tumour that is contained in one location,
usually within a membrane.

● They are not cancerous and do not invade other
parts of the body.

● Can grow large very quickly - may cause
damage to another organ.

57
Q

What is a malignant tumour?

A

● A tumour that can spread around the body via
the blood and lymphatic system.

● Can invade other tissues (metastasis).

● Cells divide more rapidly and have a longer
lifespan.

● Disrupts healthy tissues and may lead to death.

58
Q

Give examples of factors which can lead to cancer (5)

A

● Genetics - certain genes increase the risk of breast and ovarian cancer

● Smoking

● Obesity

● Ionising radiation - UV light and X-rays

● Viral infections - HPV and cervical cancer

59
Q

How is epidermal tissue adapted for its function? (2)

A

Epidermal tissue covers the entire plant.
It has a waxy cuticle which helps reduce water loss from the leaf surface.

60
Q

How is palisade mesophyll tissue adapted for its function? (1)

A

Palisade mesophyll tissue contains lots of chloroplasts which allows photosynthesis to progress at a rapid rate.

61
Q

How is spongy mesophyll tissue adapted for its function? (1)

A

Spongy mesophyll tissue has lots of air spaces which allow gases (including oxygen and carbon dioxide) to diffuse in and out.

62
Q

How is the xylem adapted for its function? (3)

A

● Made up of dead cells which form a continuous hollow tube - allows the movement of water and mineral ions from the roots to the leaves.

● Strengthened by lignin - makes the vessel strong and waterproof.

● Has bordered pits - allow minerals to be transported to specific places.

63
Q

How is the phloem adapted for its function? (3)

A

● Made up of elongated living cells.

● Cells have sieve plates that connect them together - cell sap can move through plates into other cells.

● Sieve tube cells have few organelles to allow the efficient transport of substances

64
Q

How is meristem tissue adapted for its function? (1)

A

Made up of stem cells which can
differentiate into many different cell types, allowing the plant to grow.

65
Q

What tissues does the leaf organ contain? (6)

A

● Epidermis
● Palisade mesophyll
● Spongy mesophyll
● Xylem
● Phloem
● Guard cells

66
Q

What is the function of guard cells?

A

Guard cells control the opening and closing of the stomata, according to the water content of the plant.

67
Q

How are stomata adapted for their function? (2)

A

Stomata allow the control of gaseous exchange and water loss from the leaf.

● More stomata on the base of the leaf - minimises water loss as this side is cooler and shaded.

● Have guard cells which control their opening and closing.

68
Q

How are root hair cells adapted for their function?

A

Root hair cells allow the uptake of water and mineral ions from the soil.

● Large surface area - maximises rate of absorption.

● Contain lots of mitochondria – release energy for active transport of mineral ions.

69
Q

What is translocation?

A

Translocation is the movement of
dissolved sugars from the leaves to other parts of the plant.

70
Q

What is transpiration?

A

Transpiration is the evaporation of water vapour from the surface of a plant.

71
Q

How does transpiration work? (3s)

A

● Water evaporates from the leaf surface via the stomata.

● Water molecules cohere together - more water is pulled up the xylem in an unbroken column.

● More water is taken up from the soil - creating a continuous transpiration stream.

72
Q

How does temperature affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing the temperature increases the rate of transpiration.

● Higher rate of evaporation and diffusion of water - therefore rate of transpiration is increased.

73
Q

How does humidity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing relative humidity decreases the rate of
transpiration.

● High relative humidity will reduce the water vapour concentration gradient. The rate of evaporation will decrease, and so will the rate of
transpiration.

74
Q

How does wind speed affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing wind speed/air movement increases the rate of transpiration.

● Increased air movement lowers water vapour concentration outside of the leaf. This increases the water vapour concentration gradient, thereby increasing the rate of evaporation and transpiration

75
Q

How does light intensity affect the rate of transpiration?

A

Increasing the light intensity increases the rate of
transpiration.

● The rate of photosynthesis increases, so more stomata open. This allows the rate of evaporation
to increase, increasing the rate of transpiration.

Biology (11 decks)

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