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Biology > Cell Biology > Flashcards

Cell Biology Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells? (2)

A

Prokaryotic are smaller

Eukaryotic cells have a membrane and a nucles

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2
Q

How is genetic info stored in a prokaryotic cell

A

Plasmids
Or
Single strands of DNA

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3
Q

What is the order of magnitude

A

A measurement to the base power of 10.

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4
Q

Show the order of magnitude

A

M = 1
CM = 1 × 10‐²
MM = 1 × 10‐³
hM = 1 × 10‐⁶
NM = 1 × 10‐⁹

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5
Q

What are the components of both plants and animal cells? (5)

A

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell membrane
Mitochondria
Ribosomes

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6
Q

What are the additional components in plant cells? (3)

A

Cell wall
Permanent Vacuole
Chloroplast

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7
Q

What does the cytoplasm contain?

A

The fluid component contains organelles, enzymes, ions and nutrients

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8
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes and mitochondria?

A

To synthesise proteins (joins amino acids) and where aerobic respiration takes place

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9
Q

What is the plant cell wall made of and what is its function

A

Cellulose

• Provides strength
• Prevents the cell bursting (makes it rigid)

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10
Q

What does the vacuole contain?

A

Cell sap (salts, sugars and organic acids)

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11
Q

What is the vacuole’s function?

A

Keeping the cell turgid. Support

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12
Q

How are sperm cells adapted to their function? (4)

A

Nucleus with half the amount of DNA

Tail in order to swim

Mitochondria to provide energy through aerobic respiration

Enzymes in the head of the cell to break into the egg

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13
Q

How are nerve cells adapted to their function? (3)

A

Long axon allows electrical impulses to be transmitted all over the body

Dendrites from the cell connect to other nerve cells

Myelin sheath insulates the axon and speeds up the transmission of impulses along the nerve cell

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14
Q

How are muscle cells adapted to their function? (2)

A

Arrangement of protein filaments allows them to slide over each other so the muscles can contract

Mitochondria provide energy

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15
Q

How are root hair cells adapted to their function? (2)

A

Large surface area to absorb nutrients and water

Thin walls that don’t restrict water absorbstion

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16
Q

How are xylem cells adapted to their function? (2)

A

A continuous route for water to flow

Thick walls to strengthen the structure

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17
Q

How are phloem cells adapted to their function? (2)

A

Sieve plates that transport dissolved amino acids

Companion cells provide energy for active transport to collect food

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18
Q

What is the difference between plant and animal cells, in terms of differentiation?

A

Animal cells can only differentiate early on, however, plant cells can differentiate at any point during their life cycle

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19
Q

Define magnification

A

The number of times bigger an image appears compared to the size of the real object

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20
Q

Define resolution

A

The smallest distance between two objects that can be distinguished

21
Q

How does a light microscope work compared to an electronic microscope?

A

A beam of light is passed through a specimen which travels through the eyepiece lens

However, in an electron microscope

A beam of electrons are used and the electrons hit a fluroscent screen which emits visible light producing an image

22
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of a light microscope? (4) (1)

A

Cheap
Easy to use
Portable
Observe both dead and living

Limited resolution

23
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of an electron microscope? (1) (4)

A

Greater resolution

Expensive
Large (not portable)
Require training
Only dead can be observed

24
Q

Why do electron microscopes have a greater resolution and how does this help scientists?

A

Electron beams have a shorter wavelength than photons of light

We can see sub-cellular structures in detail so scientists can develop more accurate explanations

25
Q

How do bacteria multiply?

A

Binary fission - a type of asexual reproduction in which a parent cell divides into two daughter cells with the same amount of genetic dna as the mother cell.

26
Q

How often do bacteria multiply?

A

Every 20 minutes under optimum conditions (temperature and nutrition)

27
Q

In what 2 ways can bacteria be grown?

A

Nutrient broth solution (nitrogen, carbs and etc)
Colonies on an agar gel plate

28
Q

How do we investigate disinfectant and antibiotic action?

A

With uncontaminated cultures of microorganisms

29
Q

What do chromosomes consist of and what are their functions? (2)

A

DNA and Proteins

DNA with genes that provide instructions (for protein synthesis) and genetic information and Proteins for ebergg

30
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of human body cells?

A

23 pairs, 46 in total

31
Q

How many chromosomes are found in the nucleus of gametes?

A

23

32
Q

What’re the three main stages of the cell cycle?

A

Replication of DNA and synthesis of organelles

Mitosis

Cell division

33
Q

Why is mitosis important? (1)

A

It produces additional cells for growth and repair

34
Q

Describe the first stage of the cell cycle

A

Cells grow and increase in mass, then replicate DNA (chromosomes) and double their organelles

35
Q

Describe the second stage of the cell cycle

A

Each chromosome in a pair is pulled to the opposite pole of the cell and the nucleus divides

36
Q

Describe the third stage of the cell cycle

A

The cytoplasm and cell membrane divide and two identical daughter cells are produced

37
Q

What is the function of stem cells in embryos?

A

They replicate themselves and differentiate into specialised cells

38
Q

Where are stem cells found in adults and what are their functions?

A

Found in the bone marrow, they differentiate into specialised cells to replace dead or damaged tissues

39
Q

What is therapeutic cloning?

A

A embryo is produced with the same genetic makeup as the paitent.
Stem cells are released from the embryo and can be used to treat medical conditions.

40
Q

What is the advantage of therapeutic cloning in people? (1)

A

The stem cells won’t be rejected from the body

41
Q

What are the advantages of cloning plants using meristem stem cells? (3)

A

Prevent rare plants from becoming extinct

Produce a large number of plants with a favourable characteristic

Can help in research

42
Q

What are disadvantages of using embryonic stem cells in people? (3)

A

Stem cells can be sourced from aborted embryos (ethical issues)

Development of stem cell therapies is slow, expensive and difficult

If donor stem cells don’t have a similar genetic makeup to the paitent an immune response could be triggered

43
Q

What are the three main factors that affect the rate of diffusion?

A

Concentration gradient- larger gradient -> faster diffusion

Temperature - greater temperature -> faster diffusion

Surface area - larger surface area -> greater diffusion

44
Q

Give examples of subspaces transported by diffusion in the LUNGS and KIDNEY

A

Lungs-> oxygen diffuses into the bloodstream and carbon dioxide diffuses into the lungs

Kidney-> urea diffuses from cells into blood plasma so it can be excreted in urine

45
Q

How are single-celled organisms adapted for diffusion?

A

They have a large surface area to volume ratio

46
Q

What four factors increase the effectiveness of a gas exchange surface?

A

Large surface area
Thin membrane (SDP)
Efficient blood supply
Ventilation (CG)

47
Q

Define diffusion, osmosis and active transport

A

Diffusion: the movement of particles from an area of high to low concentration

Osmosis: the movement of water from a dilute solution to a concentrated solution through a partially permeable membrane

Active transport: the movement of particles from an area of low to high concentration with the use of energy from respiration

48
Q

How do root hair cells use active transport

A

Root hair cells take up mineral ions (like magnesium and nitrates) from a more dilute solution in soils.

49
Q

How is active transport used to absorb the products of digestion?

A

Glucose is transported from a lower concentration (in the gut) to a greater concentration (in the blood)

Biology (11 decks)

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