Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

psychology of language > principles of neuroscience and neuroimaging > Flashcards

principles of neuroscience and neuroimaging Flashcards

1
Q

Descarte

A

separate res cogitates ( soul ) to res extent ( body )
res extensa works based on impulse , no need for cogitates
influenced behaviourism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Wundt

A

first school of psychology at leipzig 1879
supported to stop of subjectivism
used objective measures ( chronoscope)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Titchener

A

exported psychology to USA
structuralism : mind is the sum of its component and need to be dissected ( according to objective criteria) into components to be understood–> elementist criterion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

William James

A

functionalism : mind processes need to be understood in relation to each other, no structuralism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Weber and fechner

A

weber fechner law
weber: just noticeable difference= minimum amount of change to start to percieve stimulus 50 % of the times ( varied with initial stimulus )
fechenr :generalised and found constant for this JND for different sensory modalities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Empiricist

A

Wundt
titchner
weber fechner
william james
Helmholtz
donders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

helmholtz

A

measured reaction times of neural activity on frog legs
speed depended on diameter of axon and presence of myelin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

donders

A

used mental chronometry ( abandoned since wundt )
cognitive subtraction (can subtract reaction times of different component of a process) based on pure insertion assumption ( adding a cognitive task woudl not change the performance on the already present task

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Thomas willis

A

conned the term neurology
studied blood supply to the brain ( circle of willis )
understood gyri = more cognitive complexity
listed the crania nerve
studied many diseases like epilepsy
cortex is the basis of cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Localizationism

A

Gall
bouillon
dax
aubertine
munk
gazzaniga and spray
john jackson
cognitive neuropsychology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

gall and co

A

phrenology –> premises : brian seem to look alike , so could be that same areas on different brains have the same function ( localizationist view)
also people with more prominent or less prominent areas could have respectively enhanced or diminished capacity in the function of that area

flourens: opposed –> performed localised lesion on animal who did not report specific damaged areas SO functions are not specific and could move

bouilland supported–> found replicated impairment in speech after frontal lesion?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

dax

A

localised speech in left hem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

the great brian debate

A

gratiolet : supported function to be distributed in networks
VS
aubertine ( localizationist view due to speech impairment replicated with lesion in same areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

munk

A

discovered role of occipital lobe in vision ( dogs with lesioned occipital could not recognise object )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

gazzaniga and sparry

A

supported jackson role of right hem –>block test after callosotomy : right hand ( left hem for language without help of right hem for visual task ) could not perform

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

john jackson

A

recognised role fo right hem , so far not deemed important : let for language and rights for visual task )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

types dissociation o cognitive neuropsychology

A

single : impairment in task a but normal in task y
strong : impairment in both but one task better than the other
double :lesion in areas for a cause impairment in task a but not taking b , and lesion in b causes impairment in task b but not task a

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

vogt

A

6 layer cortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

huber and wiesel

A

organization of V1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

broadmann

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Penfield

A

homunculus
in vivo brian stimulation to spare functional areas in cortex removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

limitation of localizatinism

A

not explain how it work when functions require network
no one to one correspondence between areas and function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

milner

A

found that HM impaired memory but had intact ability to learn-> differentiate episodic form from porcedural memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

wernike

A

link between connectionist and localzationism : taught some areas where more important than other but function could require still a network like f or speech( realized lesion in areas in outside the focal areas for speech could still cause impairment )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

connectionist

A

steno
newton
meynert
reil
von monakov
lichteim
liepman
lissauer
dejerine
paper
Goodale and milner
ramon y cajal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

steno and newton

A

recognised the functional importance of white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

reil

A

described the arcuate fascicles, the connection between broca and wernike

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

meynert

A

classification in three categories of white matter tracts
if wm has been kept by evolution it means it has fuction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

von monakov

A

diaschisis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

diaschis and the different types

A

defintion= impairment in the function of one area due to damage to a connected area

types:
commissural : impairment in homologous area
associative : damage in ipsilateral hem
thalamic cortical : cortex impairment due to thalamus
cerebrospinal : spinale impairment due to damage in cortex
crossed cerebellar : impairment in cerebellum due to cortex damage

characteristics:
can regress even completely
impairment in the target area is not due to inhibition form the connected area but due to firing cessation
diaschisis can spread to the whole networks of connected areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

lichteim

A

modified the model of wernike for language including different types of aphasia depending not he location on the conceptual network

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

liepman and lisseaur

A

first case of apraxia ( then found that different types corresponded to different locations )and first cases of agnosia ( lesion on connection between visual and semantic ares , object recognised but not named)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

dejerine

A

case of Alexia without agraphia ,

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

papez

A

found a circuit of connected area participating in the same function ( initially emotion and then memory )

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

goodale milner

A

differentiated dorsal and ventral pathway of visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

ramon y cajal

A

neurons are single and separated entities
conservation laws: spur system aims at minimising the expense of resources by minimising neuronal distance and the length the the signal needs to travel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

problems with connectionist assumption in simulated networks

A

do not replicate mechanism of the brian ( ex hormones are not taken into account )
not good for replicating high level complex processing
do not include different types of neurone
assume the mechanism of the brain are the same as the simulated ones ( like back propagation)
the time and number of learning cycles in a simulation is unrealistic for a brain

38
Q

holism pros and cons

A

pros: lashley , webb, duncan ,
cons : sperry

39
Q

general fundamentals of holism

A
  • brain is a whole -> impairment in one area means impairment in the whole brain ( difference with connectionist )
  • critics connectionist to be localizationist but for networks instead of brain areas
  • functional recovery after lesion
40
Q

hebb

A

repetitive firing of neuron a to neuron b will make the connection more efficient thought physical and metabolic change

41
Q

Laschley

A

coined neuropsychology

law of integration: brain is more than the sum of its parts

law of mass action: Amount of cortical tissue removed is proportional to deficits in memory. Therefore, memory is not localized to one area but distributed across the cortex.

law of equipotentiality: a small part of a brain area cna take the fucntion of the whole brian area

42
Q

law of equipotentiality

A

a part of a brain area can carry out the function of the whole brain area

good: explain recovery of function
bad : could just be plasticity , not everyone recovers function

43
Q

law of mass action

A

memory impairment extent depends on the amount of cortical tissue removed

but after big removal task could be impossible due to removal of other functional areas like attention

44
Q

duncan

A

discovered a frontoparietal network, Multiple Demand System, involved in many different task that could adapt to changes in task requirement on the fly

supported that a process sis formed by many different subtask that could be individually solved -_> the task should then be not only the sum of the subtask but also the organisation of the subtask carry out

45
Q

sperry

A

many commissurotomie–> found that some areas are strictly localised in one hemisphere ( after lesion , some function are lost due to loss of connection between hem)

46
Q

connectom definition

A

a matrix that represent all possible connection between brain structures,

47
Q

Watts and Strogatz

A

concepts of graph theory :

nodal degree: how many nodes

clustering coefficient: how probable for two nodes connected to a common node to also be connected between each other

characteristic length path : average minimum numebr of edges to connect two nodes ( integrative capacity )

betweenness centrality : how many shortest path does a node have –> capacity tot influence the network

48
Q

three class of graphs

A

regular . long path high clustering
random. : short path low clustering
small world: e.g. brain–< good balance

49
Q

problems with graph theory

A

no standar pipeline
convergence of data coming from different sources can alter result
generally not demonstrate

50
Q

phylogeny and ontogeny

A

phylogeny : the tduy of brian evloiution
ontogeny : the study of brin development in single individual ( form embryo on )

51
Q

haeckel

A

ontogeny replicates phylogeny–> brian development si a fast version of brian evolution

hourglass model : all species reach a common stage form where they depart with development in adults form

52
Q

how to study brain evolution

A

brain volume: first we have to determine at what period a skull is dated ( carbon 14 ) and then we use enbocast to recreate what a brian would have been in that skull

genome phylogeny : compare genome section to those of other species–> the more genes in common the closer the species to human in evolution

53
Q

different paths of brian evolution

A

concerted: brai structures develop coherently at same pace indecent of the function

allometric: brain develops as a whole but some structure after than other depending on their function base don evolutionary pression

mosaic: one area or network could evolve on its one while the rest of the brain does not, again based on evolutionary selection of function

54
Q

hypothesis regarding what makes human brain different from primate brian

A

prefrontal cortex : the biggest increase along evolution BUT proportion is the same as monkey s comapared to the rest of the brian

connectivity : human have more white matter than primates

slow brain development : woudl allow for more experience shaping the connection , so more complex functions

variability grey and white matter : based on the assumption n that the more variable and areas is the newer in the evolutionary terms is

55
Q

gradient and hierarchy

A

gradient : vector along which the faction changes on a continuum
ex–> sensory cortex

hierarchy : vector along with the function increment in complexity
ex: visual cortex

56
Q

possible organisation fo prefrontal cortex

A

fuster
miller
badre

57
Q

fuster

A

cortex divided in fontal areas for executive function , temporo Parieto and occipital for sensory , both work together for integration

evidence: delayed response to cue task showed activation of both frontal and posterior areas , showing both are involved and cooperating

58
Q

Milner

A

pcf role is to extract rule from stimuli
evidence : most lateral PFC neurons reflect the association between a cue and reward

59
Q

badre

A

anterior are to more distant representaitonin time, posterior to more temporally close representation

problems : tf sequential actions can be represented simultaneously in a single layer neural network

60
Q

problem with hierarchies

A

representation might hood but function might not be actually happening in hierarchies

Botvinick & Plaut (2004) demonstrated that goals and subgoal representations of sequential actions can be represented simultaneously in a single layer neural network

61
Q

hierarchies putting front poplar cortex at teh top

A

domain generality
relational complexity
cascade model by koechlin
badre additi0on to koechlin

62
Q

domain generality

A

caudal to rostral axis where info about stimulus become from content based to domain independent

63
Q

relational complexity

A

caudal to rostral axis in pfc where the function goes from
1 step : concrete features = recognise rules about the stimulus properties
2 step : first order relation= evaluating since relationisp
3 step : second order relation = comparison among relationship

64
Q

cascade model by koechlin

A

4 step caudal to rostral axis :
1): sensory control = simple motor response
2 ) contextual control = in different cortex to modify or withhold motor response
3) episodic control : use previous info form memory to adapt new response
4) branching : integration of all previous steps

evidence : in a branching task ( where a dual task and delayed task instruction and both to be followed at th same time ) the only active area was the fronto polar cortex

65
Q

badre additions to koechglin

A

pfc is in charge of making a decision between competing repossess ( like in koechlin ) but the hierarchy os more a continuum than a fixed step by step process, and the implying of one areas is dictated by demand of the situation

66
Q

mesulam

A

we have independents modality specifci hierarchies working in parallel ( ex , auditory , motor , etc) , that then coverage in a multimodal hierarchy for complex processing

67
Q

mergulis

A

corroborated mesulam theory of lower level domain specific hierarchies and a higher integrative hierarchy he called the Default mode network

68
Q

anatomical brain asymmetries

A

brian torque
Sylvia fissure symmetry longer on the left
arcuate fasciuclus more volume on left –> predict speech recovery form stroke
planum temporale–> volume lateralisation prediccts language dominance
opercular area–> more lower level dendrites in right , and more higher level dendrites in left

69
Q

right functional asymmetries ( lateralisation)

A
  • episodic memory retrieval ( HERA model )

emotion ( chimeric faces more emotional on left visual field ) –> generally rich hem involved in initiation withdrawal maybe residue of evolutionary perception of danger

  • non verbal stimuli ( compared to content of verbal stimuli that is not lateralised
  • spatial attention: the dorsal stream is not lateralised, the ventral is –> neglect area can be isolated form everything else in right hem (posterior parietal )
  • monitoring (ROBBIA model ) –> task performance , error correction
70
Q

left lateralisation

A

episodic memory encoding ( HERA model )

criterion setting ( robbia model )

language : chose one with each hand , coherent picture for another image presented on two opposite hemeifield ( ex they see an egg and chose a chicken ) –> split brain patient could not answer why their left hand ( right hem without connection to left hem for language )

71
Q

evidence of left PFC on criterion setting

A

vallesi 2015. : so far monitoring was tested only on verbal task –> so they tested with non verbal task that changed criterion–> left PFC was active when task switching ( so monitoring new rule )

diffusion model: the bigger teh distance between the upper and lower limit ( “difficulty” in decision making) the more the left Pfc was active

brain tumour: people with left hem affected had difficulty in task criterion switching

Langdon and Warrinton ( 2000 ), Vallesi, Arbula, Capizzi et al., (2015)
and Babcock & Vallesi, (2015): left PFC was involved both in spatial and verbal tasks but right PFC in spatial only –> confirm role of left PFC in criterion setting independently of the modality

72
Q

evidence of right lateralisation for monitoring

A

(Woodrow, 1914): in people showing fore period effect ( preparing for an upcoming stimulus the more time passes form a cue ) had higher right PFC activation for the cases in the foreperiod paradigm had higher preparation for upcoming stimulus so long fixed period and short variable period

people showed hiegrh right activation pin PFC for degraded verbal marie rial compared to integer one , reflecting higher need for monitoring in degraded

domain independecw : both in retrieval o verbal cues and visual proportion estimation higher right PFC activation correlated to lower confidence that could ,had to higher monitoring

73
Q

modes of interhemisheric interaction

A

insualtion
inhibition
cooperation

74
Q

interhemisperic cooperation

A

the high the task demand the more beneficial cooperation is because :
can use more resources and allow parallel processing

75
Q

insolation

A

= the connection between hemisphere acts a s a barrier to prevent interference
having contrasting task presented in opposite field has lower error rates than when they are presented in same hemifield

76
Q

inhibition

A

connection causes interference

there is evidence of more metabolic activity in unilateral condition than bilateral –> should be the opposite since in bilateral activity we should have more metabolitc activity , but since they inhibit each other two side active are actually less active than one

77
Q

roland

A

found that after callorsotomy there was still some interhemispoehric activation in homologous sensory areas –> less dependent on higher processing connection
ALSO
frontal areas ( of higher processing ) showed still some activation in partial callososvomy whcih still involved removal of frontal part of cc–> there must be other tracts supporting these regions

78
Q

does lateralizations in different function happen together ?

A

does not seem so-_> ex language seem left lateralised but in left and right handed people

79
Q
A
80
Q

why is lateralisation evolutionarily useful

A

could optimise resources of space ( more areas taking care of some function is a waste of space )

could have been necessary to have specialized areas to support diversity and richness of human cognition

81
Q

neuroplasticity

A

the change in anatomical or functional change in organization fa brain area due to experience or riadaptation after brain insult

82
Q

rosezweig

A

found that rat sin enriched environment had increased brain weight–> later found that human increase in dendrite lengths and number of synapses

ambiome : the set of environmental et of physical, psychological and cultural factors that change the biochemistry, anatomy, and physiology of the brain during the lifespan of an individual or can determine the clinical expression of a disease

83
Q

kendel

A

studied long term changes in neuronal organisation
habituation eld to almost disappearnce of neuronal connection
sensitisation instead produced physical streghtenign of the connection by increasing the number of terminal so that synaptic transmissions more efficient and causing long term memory of the stimulus

84
Q

structural neuroplscticity effect

A

increasiin grey matter due to learning a new skill or due to increasing the experience with that skill ( hippocampus in taxi drivers )

better white matter integrity in language areas after learning new grammar rules

85
Q

types of functional neuropalsticirty

A

homologous area adaptation: eh fuctnion of damaged areas is adopted but its omologous , diminishing the activity of the homologous area–> child with language parietal damage had the areas for number adopt the lost function but it developed discalulia

cross modal reassignment: united area due to body damage adopt different function-_> in blind people the visual areas start to adopt tactile function ( reading braille )

map extension : a function enlarges its cortical area due to learning and when new skill is absorbed the critical map readjust to original size

compensatory masquerade : no damage , a brain region simply takes on another function –> the posterior to anterior shift in old age

86
Q

maladaptive plasticity

A

plasticity cause wrong rewiring could cause

slowing recovery of lost function

reorganisation of somatotopic maps ( face sensation function invading hadn’t sensation function if hand not used )

development unwanted symptoms
ex: tinnitus =hearing a sound not present when people have impaired hearing ( due to other frequencies invading the area for lost one ) —> can be fixed with plasticity filtering out the lost frequency to sound stipulations that cortex reorganised correctly

87
Q

what we witness in aging

A

decrees fluid intelligence
maintained crystallised intelligence
higher variability between subject on same task
cognitive dedifferentiation: higher correlation between performances in different task

87
Q

possible mechanism that explain cognitive decline with age

A

lower processing speed: by the time people carry out the higher level of processing the lower level products of processing are not available anymore

loss of inhibitory control : older are less efficient to filter out irrelevant information –> ex pay as much attention irrelevant images in active task than to general image in passive viewing
decreased sensory perception–> this leaf to worst prformance in working memory

worse sensory perception.–> age explains all of sensory perception decrease with in turn would eb a better predictor for all cognitive decline

neurological physical problems :
- atrophy
- lack of dopamine due to dysregualtion of receptors –> can cause impaired reward association problem and impact working memory

88
Q

possibilities of how hearing loss could explain dementia

A

plain common cause

higher activity go brain due to compensation could spread the problem at molecular level

diminished sensory input could affect cognitive reserve directly ( other than through dimished sociality )

compensatory high activity could occupy resources needed

89
Q

how is impaired inhibition an advantage for older people

A

psychology of language (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions