Principles Of Neurological Examinations Flashcards

1
Q

What are the different type of tremors? (6)

A

Physiologic tremor
Essential tremor
Cerebellar or intention tremor
Parkinsonian tremor
Dystonic tremor
Orthodontic tremor (shaky leg syndrome)

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2
Q

What is a physiologic tremor?

A

A tremor of no clinical significants. The sort of tremor that is normal like when you’re scared ect

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3
Q

What is an essential tremor?

A

This mostly affects the hands, voice, tongue, legs, and trunk.
They may be accompanied by mild gait disturbances

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4
Q

What is a cerebellar tremor?

A

A slow, broad tremor of the extremities that occur at the end of a purposeful movement.
Caused by lesions in or damage of the cerebellum, MS or chronic alcoholism.

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5
Q

What is a parkinsonian tremor?

A

A tremor classic of pill-rolling action in the hands

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6
Q

What is a dystonic tremor?

A

This is a sustained involuntary muscle contraction cause twisting and repetitive motions and or painful / armorial postures

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7
Q

What is orthostatic tremor ?

A

Fast rhythmic muscle contrations that occur in the legs and trunk immediately after standing.

The shaking stops then the patient sits down

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8
Q

What is a cause of symmetry muscle wasting ?

A

Duchenne muscual dystrophy

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9
Q

What is a cause for muscle wasting asymmetrical?

A

Polio

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10
Q

What can cause proximal muscle wastage?

A

LGMD (Limb girdle muscular dystrophy)

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11
Q

What can cause general muscle wastage ?

A

Motor neurone disease

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12
Q

What are the 4 main characteristics of symptomatic muscle tone ?

A

Paratonia
Hypotonia (LMD)
Spasticity (UMN)
Rigidity

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13
Q

Muscle strength is graded 0-5. Is 0 high or low in this case?

A

0 is low mean no muscle detection. 5 is active movement against full resistance (normal strength).

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14
Q

Muscle strength is graded 0-5. Is 0 high or low in this case?

A

0 is low mean no muscle detection. 5 is active movement against full resistance (normal strength).

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15
Q

What does myotonia mean?

A

Slow muscle relaxation after a voluntary contraction

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16
Q

Where are the deep tendon reflexes ? (5)

A

Bicept
Brachioradials
Triceps
Patella
Ankle

17
Q

What is a overflowing of a reflex?

A

When a reflex is hyperactive, nearby muscles respond

18
Q

What scale are reflexes graded by? What is normal?

A

0 - +4

Normal is +1- +3. 0 is no response and +4 is an elicit a reacting reflex

19
Q

Define hyporeflexes

A

An absent or diminished response to tapping and a sign of lower motor neuron

20
Q

Define hyperreflexia

A

A hyperactive or repeating reflexes.
A sign of upper motor neuron.

21
Q

What is clonus?

A

A series of involuntary muscular contractions due to a sudden stretching of the muscle.

Particularly associated with UMN lesions.

> 5 beats is considered abnormal

22
Q

Grading muscle strength - what does a 3 mean?

A

Active movement against gravity

23
Q

Grading muscle strength - what does a 2 mean

A

Active movement of the body with gravity eliminated

24
Q

Grading muscle strength - what does a 5 mean

A

Active movement against full resistance without evidence of fatigue

25
Q

Grading muscle strength - what does a 4 mean?

A

Active movement against gravity and some resistance

26
Q

Grading muscle strength - what does a 0 mean

A

No muscle contraction

27
Q

Grading muscle strength (power) - what does a 1 mean

A

A barletta detectable flicker of contraction