Principles of Neuroanatomy

Question 1

What is the brain contain within

Answer 1

cranium

Question 2

What is the spinal cord contained within

Answer 2

vertebral column

Question 3

What are spinal nerves serving the upper limbs called

Answer 3

brachial plexus

Question 4

What are spinal nerves serving the lower limbs called

Answer 4

lumbar plexus

Question 5

What is the somatic nervous system

Answer 5

detects changes in the external environment or with the control of movement

Question 6

What is the autonomic nervous system

Answer 6

detect changes in and control of activity of the viscera (internal organs)

Question 7

What two parts in the autonomic system split into

Answer 7

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Question 8

What are afferent neurones

Answer 8

carry information from peripheral system to CNS

Question 9

What are efferent neurones

Answer 9

carry impulses away from the CNS

Question 10

What are interneurones

Answer 10

neurones located entirely within CNS

Question 11

What is grey matter

Answer 11

regions that are enriched in nerve cell codies

Question 12

What is white matter

Answer 12

regions containing mostly nerve porcesses (e.g axons) often myelinated

Question 13

What is a nuclei

Answer 13

a collection of neve cell vodies with similar anatomical connections and functions

Question 14

What is the cerebral cortex

Answer 14

highly convoluted outer mantle of grey matter

Question 15

How are the two cerebral hemispheres separated

Answer 15

the great longitudinal fissure

Question 16

What is the fissure occupied by

Answer 16

the falx and in its depths the corpus callosum (contains fibres that run between regions of brain)

Question 17

What is the hindbrain subdivided into

Answer 17

medulla oblongata, pons and cerebellum

Question 18

What is the brainstem made up of

Answer 18

medulla, pons and midbrain

Question 19

What does the forebain consist of

Answer 19

thalamus and hypothalamus (diencephalon) and cerebral hemisphere

Question 20

What are the folds on the surface of the brain called

Answer 20

gyri and sulci

Question 21

What lies beneath the surface of the brain

Answer 21

dense fibre masses of the corona radiate and internal capsule

Question 22

What are the 5 main lobes of the brain and their functions

Answer 22

Frontal - primary motor cortex
Parietal - primary somatosensory cortex
Temporal - primary auditory complex
Occipital - primary visual cortex
Limbic - contains regions for memory and emotional behaviour

Question 23

What does the spinal cord divide to form

Answer 23

dorsal roots (carry afferent fibres) and ventral roots (carry efferent fibres)

Question 24

How do spinal nerves leave the vertebral canal

Answer 24

through small apertures called intervertebral foramina

Question 25

What is the dorsal horn the site of

Answer 25

termination of numerous afferent neurones and the origin of ascending pathways carrying sensory impulses to the brain

Question 26

What is the ventral horn the site of

Answer 26

contains motor neurones that innervate skeletal muscle

Question 27

What is the lateral horn the site of

Answer 27

contains perganglionic neurons belonging to the sympathetic nervous syste,

Question 28

What do the ascending tracts do

Answer 28

carry information from the trunk and limbs to the brain

Question 29

What do the descending tracts do

Answer 29

the means by which the brain controls activities of the neurones in the spinal cord

Question 30

What are the 3 types of ascending tracks

Answer 30

dorsal columns (carry fine touch and proprioception) spinothalamic tracts (carry pain, temperature, coarse touch and pressure) and the spinocerebellar trans (carry information from lucre and joint receptors)

Question 31

What is the lateral corticospinal tract

Answer 31

part of the descending tract that controls skilled voluntary movements

Question 32

what are the meninges

Answer 32

Three layers of membranes that cover the CNS

Question 33

What is the outermost layer of the meninges

Answer 33

dura mater a tough fibrous coat

Question 34

What are the three layers of the meninges

Answer 34

dura mater, arachnoid mater and pia mater