Principles of Instrumentation Flashcards
What is a wave ?
disturbance that transfers energy through a medium such as air or water.
Mechanical vs Electromagnetic waves
mechanical require a medium (such as air, water, or a solid) to travel through.
Em do not require a medium and can travel through a vacuum.
What are the properties of waves?
wavelength, frequency, amplitude, speed, period.
Wavelength
𝜆
The distance between two consecutive points in phase on the wave (e.g., crest to crest).
Frequency
𝑓
The number of wave cycles passing a point per second, measured in Hertz (Hz).
Amplitude
The height or intensity of the wave/disturbance.
Waves can have the same frequency but different amplitudes.
Velocity or Speed
The rate at which the wave propagates through the medium,
v = f λ.
Velocity at which sound travels through air at rtp
330 m/s
Velocity or Speed of light
c=3×10 8 m/s
electromagnetic waves travels at this same speed.
What is diffraction
is the bending and spreading of waves when they encounter an obstacle or aperture.
Maximum spread or diffraction occurs when
when the size of the aperture is similar to the wavelength of the wave:
Range of human hearing
20 - 20 000 Hz
High frequency waves tend to have _______ (small/large) wavelengths and diffracts ________ (more/less)
to have small wavelengths and diffracts less
What is Resonance?
phenomenon where an object vibrates with maximum amplitude when subjected to a periodic force at a frequency that matches its natural frequency.
Natural Frequency
Every object or system has a natural frequency at which it tends to vibrate when disturbed.
Why is resonance important in analytics?
Small probe can give a big signal or result.
You can measure precise frequencies and amplify the frequency.
What are Electromagnetic Waves?
and what can it be used for
The electric field and magnetic field oscillate perpendicular to the direction of wave travel and to each other.
used to generate electricity and magnets.
What is the wavelength of the Visible spectrum of light within the electromagnetic spectrum
wavelength of 350 - 750 nm
Types of waves in the Electromagnetic spectrum
Radio Waves
Microwaves
Infrared (IR)
Visible Light
Ultraviolet (UV)
X-rays
Gamma Rays
longest wavelength to shortest
Raging Martians Invaded Venus Using X-ray Guns.
