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Pediatric Nursing > Principles of Growth and Development > Flashcards

Principles of Growth and Development Flashcards

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1
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

6-8 weeks

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2
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

12-18 months

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3
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Having bad tone, little muscle, not rigid or stiff

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4
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

HC <32 cm

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5
Q

What is macrocephaly?

A

HC >38 cm

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6
Q

What can cause microcephaly?

A

Zika, cytomegalovirus, malnourishment during pregnancy

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7
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 6 months?

A

2x their birth weight

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8
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 12 months?

A

3x their birth weight

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9
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 24 months?

A

4x their birth weight

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10
Q

What is the average weight gain per year?

A

5 lb

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11
Q

How tall should one be by 4 years?

A

2x birth length

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12
Q

How tall should one be by 13 years?

A

3x birth length

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13
Q

How can you estimate adult height?

A

Double height of child at 2 years

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14
Q

When does a growth spurt begin for boys?

A

After first evidence of puberty
Lasts ~4 years
Average age of onset is 12.5

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15
Q

When does a growth spurt begin for girls?

A

After first evidence of puberty
Lasts ~4 years
Breast development happens around 10 years

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16
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the infant?

A

Trust vs. mistrust
Sensorimotor
Oral stage

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17
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 0-2 months?

A

Primitive reflexes

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18
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 2-4 months?

A

Hand to mouth
Some head lag when pulled to sitting position
Supports weight on forearms

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19
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 4-6 months?

A

Head and trunk control
Sits with support
Rolls back to front
Bears weight on feet when assisted.

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20
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 6-8 months?

A

Sits alone with steady head

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21
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 8-10 months?

A

Moves prone to sitting to standing
Stands alone without support
Crawls to creeps to cruise
Attempts to walk

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22
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 10-12 months?

A

Stands alone
Walks holding onto furniture
Sits down from standing

23
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 8-10 months?

A

Grasps a spoon, can’t use it

24
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 10-12 months?

A

Neat pincer grasp

25
Q

What language development occurs from 0-2 months?

A

Cry, coos, vocalizes to the familiar

26
Q

What language development occurs from 3-6 months?

A

Vocalizes during play, squeals, laughs aloud

27
Q

What language development occurs from 7-9 months?

A

Increased vowel and consonant sounds

2 syllable sounds (baba, dada)

28
Q

What language development occurs from 10-12 months?

A

Says mama, dada to identify, repeat sounds heard by others, 3-5 words

29
Q

When are stranger anxiety and separation anxiety seen?

A

Infancy

30
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the toddler?

A

Autonomy vs. shame and doubt
Sensorimotor and preoperational
Anal stage

31
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 13-18 months?

A

Walks up stairs
Creeps down
Removes shoes and socks
Uses all senses to explore

32
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 13-18 months?

A 
Turns pages of a book
Unzips
Stacks up to 4 cubes
Drinks from a cup
Good grasp of a spoon
33
Q

What is language development like at 12-15 months?

A

Speaks 3-4 understandable words

Has own language not understood by others

34
Q

What is language development like at 18 months?

A

Peaks 10 or more words

Uses jargon learned in the home

35
Q

What is language development like at 24 months?

A

Refers to self by name
Uses pronouns
2-3 word sentences

36
Q

What is language development like at 36 months?

A

Names body parts
Gives full name
900 different words
3-5 word sentences

37
Q

What is echolalia?

A

When words are repeated over and over

38
Q

What is telegraphic speech?

A

When a child will speak in compressed sentences - “give ball”

39
Q

When are focus, individuation, and egocentrism development?

A

Toddlerhood

40
Q

When is parallel play seen?

A

Toddlerhood

41
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the toddler?

A 
Initiative vs guilt (3-6)
Preoperational substage
- Preconceptual (2-4)
- Intuitive (4-7)
Phallic stage (3-7)
42
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 3-5?

A

Walking/running/jumping
Balances on one foot
Alternates feet going up stairs
Rides tricycle
Skips/hops on one foot, alternates feet up and down stairs, walks heel to toe, catches ball with 2 hands
Skips on alternating feet, can begin to swim, rides bike, walks backward, good climber

43
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 3-5?

A

Builds tower of 9-10 cubes, makes a circle with facial features,
Uses dull scissors, draws a stick figure with 3 parts, can lace shoes but may not be able to tie, copies a square, shows hand preference
Begins to tie shoes, uses a pencil very well, copies a triangle, draws a person with at least 6 parts

44
Q

When do you see magical thinking, transduction, animism, and imaginary friends?

A

Preschool age

45
Q

How do communication skills develop from age 3-5?

A

3:
Speaks in complete sentences
Follows instructions with two or three steps
Can name most familiar things
Vocabulary of ~200 words
5:
Can explain how to use something
Talks about past, future, and imaginary events
Can answer questions that use “why” and “when”
Vocabulary of ~2,100 words

46
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg and Freud stages for the toddler?

A

Industry vs. inferiority
Concrete operational
Conventional
Latency

47
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 6-7?

A 
Rides a 2 wheeler
Throws over hand
Legible prints
Uses knife and fork
Cuts pastes and folds paper
Copies a diamond
Walks a straight line
48
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 8-9?

A 
Fluid movement
Team sports
Increased flexibility
Write cursive
Dresses self completely
49
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 10-12?

A

Good eye hand coordination
Fine motor well developed
Some awkwardness in gross motor due to growth spurt

50
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg stages for the adolescent?

A

Identity vs role confusion or diffusion
Formal operation
Postconventional level III

51
Q

What are signs that an infant is ready for solids?

A

Double BW and weighs at least 13 lbs
Baby seems hungry despite nursing more than 8-10 times/day or drinking more than 32 oz (1 quart) of formula/day
Sits with support and has control of head movements
When placed on stomach can hold head up and support weight with straight elbows

52
Q

What is a food jag?

A

Child asking for the same meal over and over again

53
Q

What is physiologic anorexia?

A

When growth slows down around age 2

Pediatric Nursing (3 decks)

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