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Pediatric Nursing > Principles of Growth and Development > Flashcards

Principles of Growth and Development Flashcards

1
Q

When does the posterior fontanel close?

A

6-8 weeks

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2
Q

When does the anterior fontanel close?

A

12-18 months

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3
Q

What is hypotonia?

A

Having bad tone, little muscle, not rigid or stiff

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4
Q

What is microcephaly?

A

HC <32 cm

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5
Q

What is macrocephaly?

A

HC >38 cm

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6
Q

What can cause microcephaly?

A

Zika, cytomegalovirus, malnourishment during pregnancy

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7
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 6 months?

A

2x their birth weight

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8
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 12 months?

A

3x their birth weight

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9
Q

How much should a baby weigh by 24 months?

A

4x their birth weight

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10
Q

What is the average weight gain per year?

A

5 lb

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11
Q

How tall should one be by 4 years?

A

2x birth length

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12
Q

How tall should one be by 13 years?

A

3x birth length

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13
Q

How can you estimate adult height?

A

Double height of child at 2 years

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14
Q

When does a growth spurt begin for boys?

A

After first evidence of puberty
Lasts ~4 years
Average age of onset is 12.5

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15
Q

When does a growth spurt begin for girls?

A

After first evidence of puberty
Lasts ~4 years
Breast development happens around 10 years

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16
Q

What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the infant?

A

Trust vs. mistrust
Sensorimotor
Oral stage

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17
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 0-2 months?

A

Primitive reflexes

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18
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 2-4 months?

A

Hand to mouth
Some head lag when pulled to sitting position
Supports weight on forearms

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19
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 4-6 months?

A

Head and trunk control
Sits with support
Rolls back to front
Bears weight on feet when assisted.

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20
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 6-8 months?

A

Sits alone with steady head

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21
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 8-10 months?

A

Moves prone to sitting to standing
Stands alone without support
Crawls to creeps to cruise
Attempts to walk

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22
Q

What gross motor skills occur from 10-12 months?

A

Stands alone
Walks holding onto furniture
Sits down from standing

23
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 8-10 months?

A

Grasps a spoon, can’t use it

24
Q

What fine motor skills occur from 10-12 months?

A

Neat pincer grasp

25
What language development occurs from 0-2 months?
Cry, coos, vocalizes to the familiar
26
What language development occurs from 3-6 months?
Vocalizes during play, squeals, laughs aloud
27
What language development occurs from 7-9 months?
Increased vowel and consonant sounds | 2 syllable sounds (baba, dada)
28
What language development occurs from 10-12 months?
Says mama, dada to identify, repeat sounds heard by others, 3-5 words
29
When are stranger anxiety and separation anxiety seen?
Infancy
30
What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the toddler?
Autonomy vs. shame and doubt Sensorimotor and preoperational Anal stage
31
What gross motor skills occur from 13-18 months?
Walks up stairs Creeps down Removes shoes and socks Uses all senses to explore
32
What fine motor skills occur from 13-18 months?
``` Turns pages of a book Unzips Stacks up to 4 cubes Drinks from a cup Good grasp of a spoon ```
33
What is language development like at 12-15 months?
Speaks 3-4 understandable words | Has own language not understood by others
34
What is language development like at 18 months?
Peaks 10 or more words | Uses jargon learned in the home
35
What is language development like at 24 months?
Refers to self by name Uses pronouns 2-3 word sentences
36
What is language development like at 36 months?
Names body parts Gives full name 900 different words 3-5 word sentences
37
What is echolalia?
When words are repeated over and over
38
What is telegraphic speech?
When a child will speak in compressed sentences - “give ball”
39
When are focus, individuation, and egocentrism development?
Toddlerhood
40
When is parallel play seen?
Toddlerhood
41
What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Freud stages for the toddler?
``` Initiative vs guilt (3-6) Preoperational substage - Preconceptual (2-4) - Intuitive (4-7) Phallic stage (3-7) ```
42
What gross motor skills occur from 3-5?
Walking/running/jumping Balances on one foot Alternates feet going up stairs Rides tricycle Skips/hops on one foot, alternates feet up and down stairs, walks heel to toe, catches ball with 2 hands Skips on alternating feet, can begin to swim, rides bike, walks backward, good climber
43
What fine motor skills occur from 3-5?
Builds tower of 9-10 cubes, makes a circle with facial features, Uses dull scissors, draws a stick figure with 3 parts, can lace shoes but may not be able to tie, copies a square, shows hand preference Begins to tie shoes, uses a pencil very well, copies a triangle, draws a person with at least 6 parts
44
When do you see magical thinking, transduction, animism, and imaginary friends?
Preschool age
45
How do communication skills develop from age 3-5?
3: Speaks in complete sentences Follows instructions with two or three steps Can name most familiar things Vocabulary of ~200 words 5: Can explain how to use something Talks about past, future, and imaginary events Can answer questions that use “why” and “when” Vocabulary of ~2,100 words
46
What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, Kohlberg and Freud stages for the toddler?
Industry vs. inferiority Concrete operational Conventional Latency
47
What fine motor skills occur from 6-7?
``` Rides a 2 wheeler Throws over hand Legible prints Uses knife and fork Cuts pastes and folds paper Copies a diamond Walks a straight line ```
48
What fine motor skills occur from 8-9?
``` Fluid movement Team sports Increased flexibility Write cursive Dresses self completely ```
49
What fine motor skills occur from 10-12?
Good eye hand coordination Fine motor well developed Some awkwardness in gross motor due to growth spurt
50
What are the corresponding Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg stages for the adolescent?
Identity vs role confusion or diffusion Formal operation Postconventional level III
51
What are signs that an infant is ready for solids?
Double BW and weighs at least 13 lbs Baby seems hungry despite nursing more than 8-10 times/day or drinking more than 32 oz (1 quart) of formula/day Sits with support and has control of head movements When placed on stomach can hold head up and support weight with straight elbows
52
What is a food jag?
Child asking for the same meal over and over again
53
What is physiologic anorexia?
When growth slows down around age 2

Pediatric Nursing (3 decks)

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