Principles of Evidence-Based Practice

Question 0

Define: Clinical research

Answer 0

Systematic way to examine clinical conditions and outcomes, establish relationships among phenomena, generate evidence for decision making and improving clinical practice.

Question 1

Define: Evidence-based practice

Answer 1

The application of clinical decision making for patient mgmt. based on research evidence, clinical expertise, patient values and preferences, and clinical circumstances.

Question 2

Define: Outcomes research

Answer 2

Study of success of intervention with a focus on the end results in terms of disability and survival.

Question 3

Define: Scientific method

Answer 3

incorporating elements of induction and deduction in a systematic and controlled analysis of phenomena

Question 4

Define: Basic Research

Answer 4

“Bench research” done to obtain empirical data to develop, refine, or test a theory. Gain knowledge motivated by intellectual curiously without referencing the practical use of the results.

Question 5

Define: Applied research

Answer 5

Solving immediate practical problems with functional applications and testing theories that direct practice.

Question 6

Experimental research designs

Answer 6

A basis for comparing two or more conditions in order to discover cause-effect relationships. RCT=gold standard, single-subject design, quasi-experiment design.

Question 7

Exploratory research designs

Answer 7

Examines a phenomenon, sees how it relates to other factors. Examples: epidemiology, cohort, case-control, correlational, predictive, methodological, historical.

Question 8

Descriptive research designs

Answer 8

Describe a group or individuals on a set of variables to document characteristics using questionnaires, interviews, observation. Examples: developmental, normative, qualitative, descriptive surveys, case study

Question 9

Evidence pyramid

List 1-9

Answer 9

1. Systematic review and meta-analyses
2. RCT
3. Cohort studies
4. Case control studies
5. Case series
6. Case reports
7. Ideas, editorials, opinions
8. Animal research
9. In vitro research

Question 10

Evidence hierarchy

Level 1

Answer 10

1a: systematic review of randomized controlled trials
1b: individual randomized controlled trial

Question 11

Evidence hierarchy

Level 2

Answer 11

2a: systematic review of cohort studies
2b: individual cohort studies

Question 12

Evidence hierarchy

Level 3

Answer 12

3a: systematic review of case-control studies
3b: individual case-control study

Question 13

Evidence hierarchy

Level 4

Answer 13

Case series

Question 14

Evidence hierarchy

Level 5

Answer 14

Bench research, animal studies, expert opinion

Question 15

Sources of knowledge for clinical decision making (5)

Answer 15

1. Tradition
2. Authority
3. Trial and error
4. Logical reasoning
5. Scientific method

Question 16

Define: Deductive reasoning

Answer 16

Acceptance of a general proposition or premise and the subsequent inferences for specific cases. Uses “syllogism”: major premise, minor premise, conclusion.

Question 17

Define: Inductive reasoning

Answer 17

Developing generalizations for specific observations.

Question 18

Steps of the Research process (5)

Answer 18

Research question
Research design
Methods
Data analysis
Communication