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Research > Measurement > Flashcards

Measurement Flashcards

0
Q

Define: continuous variable

A

Quantitative variable that an theoretically take on values along a continuum

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1
Q

Define: variable

A

Characteristic that can be manipulated or observed and can take on difference values (quantitatively or qualitatively)

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2
Q

Define: discrete variable

A

A variable that can only be measured in separate units and that can not be measured in intervals of less than 1

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3
Q

Define: dichotomous variable

A

A nominal variable having only two categories such as yes/no, male/female

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4
Q

Define: construct

A

Concepts that represent nonobservable behaviors or events; invented names for abstract variable that cannot be seen directly example: intelligence, strength, health

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5
Q

Define: nominal measurement

A

Classifies variables into mutually exclusive categories (red, yellow, blue)

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6
Q

Define: ordinal measurement

A

Rank-ordered measurement
Unequal intervals between categories
Greater than, less than
(Manual muscle testing)

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7
Q

Define: interval measurement

A

Rank-ordered
Equal intervals between categories
No true zero
(Temperature, range of motion)

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8
Q

Define: ratio measurement

A

Highest level of measurement
Rank ordered
Equal intervals between categories
True zero

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9
Q

Define: Reliability

A

The extent to which a measurement is consistent and free from error

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10
Q

Define: systematic error

A

Predictable and directional, consistent from trial to trial

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11
Q

Define: random error

A

Measurement error due to chances, bidirectional

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12
Q

Define: validity

A

The extents to which an instrument measures what it is intended to measure

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13
Q

Define: sensitivity

A

Test’s ability to obtain a true positive

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14
Q

Define: specificity

A

Test’s ability to obtain a true negative

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15
Q

Define: positive predictive value

A

Probability that a person who tests positively actually has the condition.

16
Q

Define: negative predictive value

A

Probability that a person who tests negatively does not have the condition.

17
Q

Define: Positive likelihood ratio

A

True positive rate divided by false positive rate.

Sensitivity/(1-specificity)

18
Q

Define: negative likelihood ratio

A

False negative rate divided my true negative rate.

(1-sensitivity)/specificity

19
Q

Define: measurement

A

Process of assigning numerals to variables to represent quantities of characteristics according to certain rules

20
Q

Sources of measurement error (3)

A

Individual taking the measurement
Measuring instrument
Variability of the characteristic being measured

21
Q

3 types of variables

A

Continuous
Discrete
Dichotomous

22
Q

4 levels of measurement

A

Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio

23
Q

Reliability coefficient

A

Ratio of true score variance to the total variance

T/(T+E)

.75 is good
>.90 is usually required for clinical decision-making

24
Q

Types of reliability (4)

A

Test-retest
Rater
Internal consistency
Alternate forms

25
Q

Test-retest reliability

A

Consistency of measurement from time 1 to time 2

26
Q

Intrarater reliability

A

How consistently one individual measures a characteristic across toe or more trials

27
Q

Interrater reliability

A

Consistency of measurement between two or more raters measuring the same characteristic

28
Q

Internal consistency (type of reliability)

A

Extent to which multiple items agree when measure aspects of the same characteristic i.e. a pain survey may have many questions, higher consistency=higher reliability

29
Q

Alternate forms (type of reliability)

A

Consistency between two instruments designed to measure the same characteristic

30
Q

Validity vs reliability

A

To be valid, a measure MUST be reliable

Not all reliable measurements are valid.

31
Q

Types of measurement validity (6)

A 
Face validity
Content validity
Concurrent validity
Predictive validity
Prescriptive validity
Construct validity
32
Q

Face validity

A

An instrument “appears” to measure what it’s purported to measure; least rigorous form of validity

33
Q

Content validity

A

Extent to which a measurement generalizes to a theoretical universal score. Are all parts of the whole defined? i.e. A pain questionnaire has more content validity than an 11pt scale

34
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Variable measured with instrument of interest and “good standard” concurrently.

35
Q

Predictive validity

A

Degree to whic a measurement is predictive of some future score

36
Q

Prescriptive validity

A

Degree to which a measurement can be used as a basis for selecting an appropriate intervention i.e. Balance score dictates certain ambulatory device

37
Q

Construct validity

A

Ability of an instrument to measure an abstract construct; not directly observable

Research (5 decks)

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