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Pharmacology > Principles of drug interactions > Flashcards

Principles of drug interactions Flashcards

1
Q

usually the drugs forms chemical bonds with specific sites, called _______ within the body

A

Receptor

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2
Q

the study of the interactions between drugs and their receptors and the series of events that result in a pharmacologic response

A

pharmacodynamics

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3
Q

drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response

A

agonists

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4
Q

drugs that attach to a receptor but do not stimulate a response

A

antagonists

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5
Q

drugs that interact with a receptor to stimulate a response but inhibit other responses

A

partial agonists

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6
Q

route that the drug is administered directly into the gastrointestinal (GI) tract by the oral, rectal, or nasogastric tube

A

enteral

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7
Q

route bypasses the GI tract with the use of subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous injection

A

parenteral

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8
Q

route involves drugs being absorbed through the skin and mucous membranes. methods include: inhalation, sublingual (under the tongue), and topical (on the skin) administration

A

percutaneous

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9
Q

the study of the mathematic relationship among the ADME features of individual medicines over time

A

pharmacokinetics

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10
Q

the rate of absorption when a drug is administered by a parenteral route depends

A

on the rate blood flow through the tissues

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11
Q

have the slowest absorption rate, especially is peripheral circulation is impaired

A

subcutaneous (subcut) injections

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12
Q

are more rapidly absorbed because of greater blood flow per unit weight of muscle as compared with subcutaneous tissue

A

intramuscular (IM) injections

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13
Q

organs with the most extensive blood supplies

A

heart, liver, kidneys, brain

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14
Q

areas with less extensive blood supplies

A

muscle, skin, fat

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15
Q

two factors that influence drug distribution

A

protein binding and lipid fat solubility

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16
Q

most drugs are transported in combination with plasma protein specially ________

A

Albumin

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17
Q

have a high affinity for adipose tissue, which serves as a repository site for these agents

A

lipid-soluble drugs

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18
Q

is the process whereby the body inactivates drugs

A

metabolism

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19
Q

the two primary routes of excretion

A

GI tract into the feces and renal tubules into the urine

20
Q

other routes of excretion

A

evaporation through the skin, exhalation from the lungs, and secretion into saliva and breast milk

21
Q

is defined as the amount of time required for 50% of the drug to be eliminated from the body

A

half-life

22
Q

half-life of 36 hours

A

Digoxin

23
Q

half-life of 5 hours

A

Aspirin

24
Q

peak action

A

is the time at which the drugs reaches the highest concentrations on the target receptor sites, thereby inducing the maximal pharmacologic response for the dose given

25
Q

time-response curve

A

demonstrates the relationship between the administration of a drug and the associated response

26
Q

examples of drugs that are important to be measured to ensure that the drug level is between therapeutic range

A

anticonvulsants, aminoglycoside antibiotics

27
Q

the classes of medicines that account for the largest number of ADRs

A

antibiotics, cardiovascular medicines, cancer chemotherapy agents, analgesics, and anti-inflammatory agents

28
Q

idiosyncratic reaction

A

occurs when something unusual or abnormal happens when a drug is first administered

29
Q

life-threatening reaction that cause respiratory distress and cardiovascular collapse

A

anaphylactic reaction

30
Q

occur when the action of one drug is altered by the action of another drug

A

drug interaction

31
Q

antacids

A

inhibit the dissolution of ketoconazole tablets by increasing the gastric pH

32
Q

Aluminum-containing antacids

A

inhibit the absorption of tetracycline

33
Q

the anticoagulant action of warfarin is increased by

A

administration with furosemide, which is a loop diuretic

34
Q

furosemide

A

displaces warfarin from albumin-binding sites, thereby increasing the amount of unbound anticoagulant

35
Q

medications known to bind to enzymes and to slow the metabolism of other drugs

A

verapamil, chloramphenicol, ketoconazole, amiodarone, cimetidine, erythromycin

36
Q

inhibits the metabolism of theophylline

A

erythromycin

37
Q

common drugs that bind to an enzyme that increases its metabolism of the drug (enzyme inducers)

A

phenobarbital, carbamazepine, rifampin, phenytoin

38
Q

rapidly metabolized drugs

A

disopyramide, doxycycline, griseofulvin, warfarin, metronidazole, mexiletine, quinidine, theophylline, verapamil

39
Q

acetazolamide

A

elevates urine pH and quinidine

40
Q

the alkaline urine produced by acetazolamide causes

A

quinidine to be reabsorbed in the renal tubules, which potentially increases the physiologic and toxic effects of quinidine

41
Q

two drugs with similar actions are taken for an increased effect.
hydrocodone + acetaminophen = added analgesic effect

A

additive effect

42
Q

the combined effect of two drugs is greater than the sum of the effect of each drug given together
aspirin + codeine = much greater analgesic effect

A

synergistic effect

43
Q

one drug interferes with the action of another

tetracycline + antacid = decreased absorption of the tetracycline

A

antagonistic effect

44
Q

the ________ of the first drug from protein-binding sites (bound drugs are inactive) by a second drug increases the activity of the first drug because more unbound drug is available
warfarin + valproic acid = increased anticoagulant effect

A

displacement

45
Q

the first drug inhibits the metabolism or excretion of the second drug, thereby causing increased activity of the second drug
probenecid + ampicillin = prolonged antibacterial activity of ampicillin because probenecid blocks the renal excretion of ampicillin

A

interference

46
Q

the first drug is chemically incompatible with the second drug, thereby causing deterioration when the drugs are mixed in the same syringe or solution or are administered together at the same site; signs include haziness, formation of a precipitate, or a change in the color of the solution when the drugs are mixed
ampicillin + gentamicin = ampicillin inactivates gentamicin

A

incompatibility

Pharmacology (8 decks)

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