principles of disease Flashcards
evil spirits
Supernatural Theory
yellow & black bile, blood & phlegm
Humors theory
invisible seeds
Contagion theory
foul/ noxious gases
Miasmatic theory
demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air
Louis Pasteur
Germ theory
Louis Pasteur
One to one relationship between the causal Agent & Disease
Germ theory
Disease is caused by multitude of factors / determinants not just one
Multifactorial causation
Multifactorial causation
Pettenkoffer
Epidemiological Triad
Leavel and Clark
represents the interaction / interrelationship between the Host , Agent and the Environment in disease causation
Epidemiological Triad
Multiplicity of interactions between the Host , Agent and the Environment. i.e multiple factors in disease causation.
Web of causation
represents / visualizes disease causation in form of a wheel , Central hub – genetic component,
Peripheral part- environmental component
Wheel of causation
Categorizesthemajor (9)riskfactors
-Biological & Behavioral factors -Environmental factors
-Immunological factors
-Nutritional factors
-Genetic factors
-Services, Social factors & Spiritual factors
BEINGS model
Way in which disease progresses over time from the earliest pre-pathogenesis stage to its termination as recovery, disability or death in the absence of intervention.
Natural history of a disease
before the pathologic process begins
Pre-disease stage/pre-pathogenesis phase
onset of disease, still asymptomatic
Latent stage/ preclinical phase
Symptomatic stage/ clinical phase
disease manifested
To promote health , to preserve health and restore health when it is impaired
Prevention
prevention of emergence of risk factors in populations
in which they ( risk factors) have not appeared
1 level - Primordial prevention
Individual & Mass health education
Primordial prevention
action taken prior to onset of disease which removes the possibility that a disease will occur.
2 level - Primary prevention
Risk factors may already be present
2 level - Primary prevention
Health promotion
Enables/ing people to increase control over and improve their health
2 level - Primary prevention
Specific protection
2 level - Primary prevention
Immunization
Chemoprophylactic drugs
Personal protection
Specific protections
General measures -approach improves the general health
Health promotion
action which halts / stops the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications
3 level - Secondary prevention
Early diagnosis & adequate treatment
3 level - Secondary prevention
all measures available to reduce/ limit impairments & disabilities , minimize sufferings and promote patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions
4 level - Tertiary prevention
Disability limitation
4 level - Tertiary prevention
Rehabilitation
4 level - Tertiary prevention
halt the progress of disease from impairment to handicap. Prevention of further impairment.
Disability limitation/ symptomatic stage prevention
combined & coordinated use of Medical, Social, Educational & Vocational measures for training & retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability. Reduce the functional and social disability
Rehabilitation
action taken to identify patient at risk of over- medicalization, to protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest him interventions ethically acceptable
To not spending money and effort on things that don’t work
Quaternary prevention
