principles of disease

Question 1

evil spirits

Answer 1

Supernatural Theory

Question 2

yellow & black bile, blood & phlegm

Answer 2

Humors theory

Question 3

invisible seeds

Answer 3

Contagion theory

Question 4

foul/ noxious gases

Answer 4

Miasmatic theory

Question 5

demonstrated the presence of bacteria in air

Answer 5

Louis Pasteur

Question 6

Germ theory

Answer 6

Louis Pasteur

Question 7

One to one relationship between the causal Agent & Disease

Answer 7

Germ theory

Question 8

Disease is caused by multitude of factors / determinants not just one

Answer 8

Multifactorial causation

Question 9

Multifactorial causation

Answer 9

Pettenkoffer

Question 10

Epidemiological Triad

Answer 10

Leavel and Clark

Question 11

represents the interaction / interrelationship between the Host , Agent and the Environment in disease causation

Answer 11

Epidemiological Triad

Question 12

Multiplicity of interactions between the Host , Agent and the Environment. i.e multiple factors in disease causation.

Answer 12

Web of causation

Question 13

represents / visualizes disease causation in form of a wheel , Central hub – genetic component,
Peripheral part- environmental component

Answer 13

Wheel of causation

Question 14

Categorizesthemajor (9)riskfactors
-Biological & Behavioral factors -Environmental factors
-Immunological factors
-Nutritional factors
-Genetic factors
-Services, Social factors & Spiritual factors

Answer 14

BEINGS model

Question 15

Way in which disease progresses over time from the earliest pre-pathogenesis stage to its termination as recovery, disability or death in the absence of intervention.

Answer 15

Natural history of a disease

Question 16

before the pathologic process begins

Answer 16

Pre-disease stage/pre-pathogenesis phase

Question 17

onset of disease, still asymptomatic

Answer 17

Latent stage/ preclinical phase

Question 18

Symptomatic stage/ clinical phase

Answer 18

disease manifested

Question 19

To promote health , to preserve health and restore health when it is impaired

Answer 19

Prevention

Question 20

prevention of emergence of risk factors in populations

in which they ( risk factors) have not appeared

Answer 20

1 level - Primordial prevention

Question 21

Individual & Mass health education

Answer 21

Primordial prevention

Question 22

action taken prior to onset of disease which removes the possibility that a disease will occur.

Answer 22

2 level - Primary prevention

Question 23

Risk factors may already be present

Answer 23

2 level - Primary prevention

Question 24

Health promotion

Enables/ing people to increase control over and improve their health

Answer 24

2 level - Primary prevention

Question 25

Specific protection

Answer 25

2 level - Primary prevention

Question 26

Immunization

Chemoprophylactic drugs

Personal protection

Answer 26

Specific protections

Question 27

General measures -approach improves the general health

Answer 27

Health promotion

Question 28

action which halts / stops the progress of the disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications

Answer 28

3 level - Secondary prevention

Question 29

Early diagnosis & adequate treatment

Answer 29

3 level - Secondary prevention

Question 30

all measures available to reduce/ limit impairments & disabilities , minimize sufferings and promote patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions

Answer 30

4 level - Tertiary prevention

Question 31

Disability limitation

Answer 31

4 level - Tertiary prevention

Question 32

Rehabilitation

Answer 32

4 level - Tertiary prevention

Question 33

halt the progress of disease from impairment to handicap. Prevention of further impairment.

Answer 33

Disability limitation/ symptomatic stage prevention

Question 34

combined & coordinated use of Medical, Social, Educational & Vocational measures for training & retraining the individual to the highest possible level of functional ability. Reduce the functional and social disability

Answer 34

Rehabilitation

Question 35

action taken to identify patient at risk of over- medicalization, to protect him from new medical invasion, and to suggest him interventions ethically acceptable
To not spending money and effort on things that don’t work

Answer 35

Quaternary prevention