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CR/DR > Principles of Digital Radiography > Flashcards

Principles of Digital Radiography Flashcards

1
Q

it is more efficient in time, space, and personnel than screen-film radiography.

A

Digital radiography

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2
Q

Digital radiography is more efficient in _____, ______, and ______ than screen-film radiography.

A

time
space
personnel

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3
Q

Digital radiography is more efficient in time, space, and personnel than ________.

A

screen-film radiography

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4
Q

he has reported a clever approach to describing and identifying the various DR imaging systems:

Capture element
Coupling element
Collection element

A

Ehsan Samei

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5
Q

Ehsan Samei has reported a clever approach to describing and identifying the various DR imaging systems:

A

Capture element
Coupling element
Collection element

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6
Q

One of the clever approach to describe and identify the various DR imaging system–in which the x-ray is captured.

A

capture element

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7
Q

In computed radiography (CR), the capture element is the ___________.

A

photostimulable phosphor

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8
Q

In ____________, the capture element is the photostimulable phosphor.

A

computed radiography (CR),

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9
Q

In the other DR modes, the capture element may be:

A

sodium iodide (NaI)
cesium iodide (CsI)
gadolinium oxysulfide (GdOS)
amorphous selenium (a-Se)

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10
Q

In the other ___ modes, the capture element may be:

sodium iodide (NaI)
cesium iodide (CsI)
gadolinium oxysulfide (GdOS)
amorphous selenium (a-Se)

A

DR

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11
Q

NaI

A

sodium iodide

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12
Q

CsI

A

cesium iodide

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13
Q

GdOS

A

gadolinium oxysulfide

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14
Q

a-Se

A

amorphous selenium

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15
Q

One of the clever approach to describe and identify the various DR imaging system, in which transfers the x-ray–generated signal to the collection element.

A

Coupling Element

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16
Q

The coupling element may be a:

A

lens or fiberoptic assembly
contact layer
a-Se

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17
Q

The collection element may be a:

A

Photodiode
Charge-coupled device (CCD)
Thin-film transistor (TFT)

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18
Q

The ______ and the _____ are light-sensitive devices that collect light photons.

A

photodiode
CCD

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19
Q

it
is a charge-sensitive device that collects electrons.

A

Thin-film transistor (TFT)

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20
Q

Shortly after the introduction of third-generation computed tomography (CT), _____________ was developed by CT vendors to facilitate patient positioning.

A

scanned projection radiography (SPR)

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21
Q

Shortly after the introduction of third-generation computed tomography (CT), scanned projection radiography (SPR) was developed by ______ to facilitate patient positioning.

A

CT vendors

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22
Q

It remains in use with virtually all current multislice helical CT imaging systems.

A

scanned projection radiography (SPR)

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23
Q

SPR

A

scanned projection radiography

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24
Q

The patient is positioned on the CT couch and then is driven through the gantry while the x-ray tube is energized.

The x-ray tube and the detector array do not rotate but are ______, and the result is a digital radiograph.

A

stationary

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25
During the _____ and the early ______, SPR was developed for dedicated chest DR.
1980s 1990s
26
During the 1980s and the early 1990s, ____ was developed for dedicated chest DR.
SPR
27
The principal advantage of SPR was _____________ with associated ___________ and _______________.
collimation to a fan x-ray scatter radiation rejection improvement in image contrast.
28
In _____, the x-ray beam is collimated to a fan by pre-patient collimators.
SPR
29
In SPR, the x-ray beam is collimated to a fan by _____.
pre-patient collimators.
30
__________ likewise are collimated to a fan that corresponds to the detector array—a scintillation phosphor, usually NaI or CsI—and is married to a linear array of CCDs through a fiberoptic light path.
Postpatient image-forming x-rays
31
Postpatient image-forming x-rays likewise are collimated to a fan that corresponds to the detector array—a _____________, usually NaI or CsI—and is married to a linear array of CCDs through a fiberoptic light path.
scintillation phosphor
32
Postpatient image-forming x-rays likewise are collimated to a fan that corresponds to the detector array—a scintillation phosphor, usually ____ or ____—and is married to a linear array of CCDs through a fiberoptic light path.
NaI CsI
33
Postpatient image-forming x-rays likewise are collimated to a fan that corresponds to the detector array—a scintillation phosphor, usually NaI or CsI—and is married to a linear array of CCDs through a ________.
fiberoptic light path
34
This development was not very successful because chest anatomy has high subject contrast, so scatter radiation rejection is not all that important.
dedicated chest DR
35
Dedicated chest DR scanning motion required several seconds, resulting in _____.
motion blur
36
At the present time, ____ is reemerging with some modification as a promising adjunct to digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT).
SPR
37
At the present time, SPR is reemerging with some modification as a promising adjunct to __________.
digital radiographic tomosynthesis (DRT).
38
The purpose of all forms of tomography is to improve image contrast, and that is the goal of _____.
DRT
39
The ____ was developed in the 1970s as a highly light-sensitive device for military use.
CCD
40
The CCD was developed in the ____ as a highly light-sensitive device for military use.
1970s
41
It has since that time found major application in astronomy and digital photography.
1970s
42
The CCD was developed in the 1970s as a highly light-sensitive device for military use. It has since that time found major application in _______ and _________.
astronomy digital photography
43
The CCD was developed in the 1970s as a __________ for military use.
highly light-sensitive device
44
The ____, which is the light-sensing element for most digital cameras, has three principal advantageous imaging characteristics: Sensitivity Dynamic range Size
CCD
45
the light-sensing element for most digital cameras
CCD
46
The CCD, which is the light-sensing element for most digital cameras, has three principal advantageous imaging characteristics:
Sensitivity Dynamic range Size
47
a silicon-based semiconductor and is shown as an image receptor
CCD
48
The CCD is a ___________ and is shown as an image receptor
silicon-based semiconductor
49
The CCD is a silicon-based semiconductor and is shown as an _________.
image receptor
50
the ability of the CCD to detect and respond to very low levels of visible light. This is important for low patient radiation dose in digital imaging.
Sensitivity
51
the ability of the CCD to respond to a wide range of light intensity, from very dim to very bright.
Dynamic range
52
Dynamic range is the ability of the ____ to respond to a wide range of light intensity, from very dim to very bright.
CCD
53
It has higher sensitivity for radiation and a much wider dynamic range than screen-film image receptors.
CCD
54
The CCD has _________ and a much _________ than screen-film image receptors.
higher sensitivity for radiation wider dynamic range
55
The CCD has higher sensitivity for radiation and a much wider dynamic range than ___________.
screen-film image receptors.
56
A ____ is very small, making it highly adaptable to DR in its various forms.
CCD
57
The CCD itself measures approximately __ to __ cm, but the pixel size is an exceptional ______ µm.
1 2 100 × 100
58
The scintillation light from a CsI phosphor is efficiently transmitted through ________ to the CCD array.
fiberoptic bundles
59
The scintillation light from a CsI phosphor is efficiently transmitted through fiberoptic bundles to the ______.
CCD array
60
The result is high ________ and __________ —up to 5 lp/mm.
x-ray capture efficiency good spatial resolution
61
The result is high x-ray capture efficiency and good spatial resolution—up to __ lp/mm.
5
62
an indirect DR process by which x-rays are converted first to light and then to electric signal.
CsI/CCD
63
CsI/CCD is an indirect DR process by which x-rays are converted first to ____ and then to ____
light electric signal
64
An early application of DR involved the use of ___ to capture the x-ray, as well as transmission of the resulting scintillation light to a collection element.
CsI
65
The collection element is silicon sandwiched as a ___.
TFT
66
a semiconductor that usually is grown as a crystal.
Silicon
67
When identified as ____________, the silicon is not crystalline but is a fluid that can be painted onto a supporting surface.
amorphous silicon (a-silicon)
68
the _____ is not crystalline but is a fluid that can be painted onto a supporting surface.
silicon
69
it is fabricated into individual pixels
DR image receptor
70
Each pixel has a ________ of a-Si with a capacitor and a TFT embedded.
light-sensitive face
71
Each pixel has a light-sensitive face of a-Si with a ______ and a TFT embedded.
capacitor
72
an indirect DR process by which x-rays are converted first to light and then to electric signal.
CsI/a-Si
73
The geometry of each individual pixel is very important, because a portion of the pixel face is occupied by ________, ________, and the ______, it is not totally sensitive to the incident image-forming x-ray beam.
conductors capacitors TFT
74
The percentage of the pixel face that is sensitive to x-rays is the ________.
fill factor
75
The ______ is approximately 80%; therefore, 20% of the x-ray beam does not contribute to the image.
fill factor
76
The fill factor is approximately _____; therefore, _____ of the x-ray beam does not contribute to the image.
80% 20%
77
The fill factor is approximately 80%; therefore, 20% of the x-ray beam ______________.
does not contribute to the image
78
As ______ is reduced, spatial resolution improves but at the expense of the patient radiation dose.
pixel size
79
As pixel size is reduced, ______ improves but at the expense of the patient radiation dose.
spatial resolution
80
With _________, the fill factor is reduced, and x-ray intensity must be increased to maintain adequate signal strength.
smaller pixels
81
With smaller pixels, the _______ is reduced, and _________ must be increased to maintain adequate signal strength.
fill factor x-ray intensity
82
it has been used for years as the capture element of an image-intensifier tube.
Cesium iodide
83
Cesium iodide has been used for years as the _________ of an image-intensifier tube.
capture element
84
Cesium iodide has been used for years as the capture element of an __________.
image-intensifier tube
85
In this type of imaging, the patient is positioned on the CT couch and then is driven through the gantry while the x-ray tube is energized.
Scan Projection Radiography (SPR)
86
in this type of imaging, the x-ray tube and the detector array do not rotate but are stationary, and the result is a digital radiograph.
Scan Projection Radiography (SPR)

CR/DR (2 decks)

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