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COMPUTED RADIOGRAPHY READER Flashcards

1
Q

A commercial Computed Radiography reader could be mistaken for a ______.

A

daylight film processor

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2
Q

A commercial _____ could be mistaken for a daylight film processor.

A

Computed Radiography reader

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3
Q

a _______ is based on wet chemistry processing.

A

daylight film processor

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4
Q

The ______ represents the marriage of mechanical, optical, and computer modules.

A

Computed Radiography reader

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5
Q

The CR reader represents the marriage of ______, ______, and ________.

A

mechanical
optical
computer modules

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6
Q

When the CR cassette is inserted into the CR reader, the IP is removed and is fitted to a ______.

A

precision drive mechanism

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7
Q

This drive mechanism (precision drive mechanism) moves the IP constantly yet slowly or (“______”) along the long axis of the IP.

A

slow scan

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8
Q

This drive mechanism moves the IP constantly yet slowly (“slow scan”) along the long axis of the IP.

A

precision drive mechanism

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9
Q

Small fluctuations in velocity can result in __________, so the motor drive must be absolutely constant.

A

banding artifacts

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10
Q

When the CR cassette is inserted into the CR reader, the ______ is removed and is fitted to a precision drive mechanism.

A

Imaging Plate (IP)

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11
Q

While the IP is being transported in the slow scan direction, a _________ such as a rotating polygon or an oscillating mirror deflects the laser beam back and forth across the IP. This is the fast scan mode.

A

deflection device

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12
Q

While the IP is being transported in the slow scan direction, a deflection device such as a _______ or ______ deflects the laser beam back and forth across the IP. This is the fast scan mode.

A

rotating polygon
oscillating mirror

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13
Q

While the IP is being transported in the slow scan direction, a deflection device such as a rotating polygon or an oscillating mirror deflects the laser beam back and forth across the ________. This is the fast scan mode.

A

Imaging Plate (IP)

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14
Q

While the IP is being transported in the slow scan direction, a deflection device such as a rotating polygon or an oscillating mirror deflects the laser beam back and forth across the IP. This is the _________.

A

fast scan mode

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15
Q

Another method is for the cassette to be placed in the reader _______ with the IP withdrawn _______.

A

vertically
downward

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16
Q

Another method is for the cassette to be placed in the reader vertically with the IP withdrawn downward. As this occurs, the cassette is scanned by a _________.

A

horizontal laser

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17
Q

The IP barely leaves the cassette, so it is not subject to ________.

A

roller damage

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18
Q

The scan is nearly always located at right angles to the direction of any grid lines; in this way, ________ are reduced.

A

aliasing artifacts

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19
Q

The scan is nearly always located at ________ to the direction of any _______; in this way, aliasing artifacts are reduced.

A

right angles
grid lines;

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20
Q

The challenge to the ________ is to interrogate each metastable electron of the latent image in a precise fashion.

A

CR reader

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21
Q

Components of the ________ include the laser, beam-shaping optics, light-collecting optics, optical filters, and a photodetector

A

optical subsystem

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22
Q

Components of the optical subsystem include:

A

laser
beam-shaping optics
light-collecting optics
optical filters
photodetector

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23
Q

The challenge to the CR reader is to interrogate each _________ of the latent image in a precise fashion.

A

metastable electron

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24
Q

The ____ is the source of stimulating light.

A

laser

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25
It spreads as it travels to the rotating or oscillating reflector.
laser
26
Laser spreads as it travels to the _______ or ______.
rotating reflector oscillating reflector
27
This light beam is focused onto the reflector by a lens system that keeps the beam diameter small (<100um).
Laser
28
This light beam (Laser) is focused onto the reflector by a lens system that keeps the beam diameter small (<____um).
100
29
its diameter is critical for ensuring high spatial resolution.
Small laser beam
30
Small laser beam diameter is critical for ensuring ________.
high spatial resolution
31
As the _______ is deflected across the IP, it changes size and shape.
laser beam
32
As the laser beam is deflected across the IP, it changes ____ and _____.
size shape
33
it keeps the beam size, shape, speed, and intensity constant.
Special beam-shaping optics
34
Special beam-shaping optics keeps the beam ___, ____, _____, and ______ constant.
size shape speed intensity
35
Emitted light from the IP is channeled into a ________________________ and is directed at the photodetector, PMT, PD, or charge-coupled device (CCD).
funnel-like fiber-optic collection assembly
36
Emitted light from the IP is channeled into a funnel-like fiber-optic collection assembly and is directed at the _____, _______, ______, or _______ (__).
photodetector PMT PD charge-coupled device (CCD)
37
CCD
charge-coupled device
38
Before ________ occurs, the light is filtered so that none of the long-wavelength stimulation light reaches the photodetector and swamps emitted light.
photodetection
39
Before photodetection occurs, the ____ is filtered so that none of the long-wavelength stimulation light reaches the photodetector and swamps emitted light.
light
40
Before photodetection occurs, the light is filtered so that none of the long-wavelength stimulation light reaches the _______ and swamps emitted light.
photodetector
41
Emitted light is the _____ and stimulating light is the ______; therefore, proper filtering improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
signal noise
42
Emitted light is the signal and stimulating light is the noise; therefore, ________ improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
proper filtering
43
Emitted light is the signal and stimulating light is the noise; therefore, proper filtering improves the __________.
signal-to-noise ratio
44
The output of the _______ is a time-varying analog signal that is transmitted to a computer system that has multiple functions.
photodetector
45
The ________ from the photodetector is processed for amplitude, scale, and compression. This shapes the signal before the final image is formed.
time-varying analog signal
46
The time-varying analog signal from the photodetector is processed for ________, ________, ________. This shapes the signal before the final image is formed.
amplitude scale compression
47
Then the ________ is digitized, with attention paid to proper sampling (time between samples) and quantization (the value of each sample).
analog signal
48
Then the analog signal is digitized, with attention paid to proper sampling (________________) and quantization (__________________).
time between samples the value of each sample
49
Proper Sampling or?
time between samples
50
Quantization or?
the value of each sample
51
The two processes of analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).
Sampling Quantization
52
Sampling and quantization are the two processes of _____________.
analog-to-digital conversion (ADC).
53
ADC
analog-to-digital conversion
54
The _______ is usually a hard disc.
image buffer
55
The image buffer is usually a _______.
hard disc
56
This is the place where a completed image can be stored temporarily until it is transferred to a workstation for interpretation or to an archival computer.
image buffer
57
The computer of the CR reader is in control of the _______ and _______.
slow scan fast scan.
58
The computer of the _____ is in control of the slow scan and the fast scan.
CR reader
59
The computer of the CR reader is in control of the slow scan and the fast scan. This control works off the computer clock in _________.
gigahertz (GHz)
60
GHz
gigahertz
61
3 Features of Computed Radiography Reader
Mechanical Features Optical Features Computer Control
62
The four principal characteristics of any medical image are _________, _________, ______, and _______.
spatial resolution contrast resolution noise artifacts
63
In CR and DR, it is not really a characteristic curve but rather an ____________.
image receptor response function
64
The screen-film image can display only approximately ____ shades of gray on a viewbox.
30
65
The _________ can display only approximately 30 shades of gray on a viewbox.
screen-film image
66
The radiographic technique is so critical in ____________.
screen-film imaging
67
Computed radiography imaging is characterized by extremely wide ______.
latitude
68
it is characterized by extremely wide latitude.
Computed radiography imaging
69
Five decades of radiation exposure results in almost ______ gray levels, each of which can be evaluated visually by postprocessing.
100,000
70
Five decades of radiation exposure results in almost 100,000 gray levels, each of which can be evaluated visually by ________.
postprocessing
71
A 14-bit CR image has _____ gray levels.
16,384
72
A _____ CR image has 16,384 gray levels.
14-bit
73
Proper radiographic technique and exposure are essential for __________.
screen-film radiography
74
Proper radiographic ________ and ________ are essential for screen-film radiography.
technique exposure
75
________ and _______ result in unacceptable images.
Overexposure underexposure
76
With ________, radiographic technique is not as critical because contrast does not change over five decades of radiation exposure.
Computed Radiography
77
With CR, ___________ is not as critical because contrast does not change over five decades of radiation exposure.
radiographic technique
78
The principal source of noise on a radiographic image is _________; this is the same whether screen-film or CR image receptors are used.
scatter radiation
79
The principal source of noise on a radiographic image is scatter radiation; this is the same whether ______ or _____ image receptors are used.
screen-film CR
80
type of imaging where noise sources are bothersome only at very low image receptor radiation exposure.
CR
81
Newer CR systems have ________ and therefore additional patient radiation dose reduction is possible.
lower noise levels
82
Lower radiographic technique that results in lower patient dose should be possible with ____ if it were not for the image noise at low exposure.
CR
83
At this time, it should be emphasized that the conventional approach that “kVp controls contrast” and “mAs controls OD” does not hold for ____ .
CR
84
_______ image contrast is constant regardless of radiation exposure, images can be made at higher kVp and lower mAs, resulting in additional reduction in patient radiation dose.
CR
85
it should be performed at lower techniques than screen-film radiography.
CR
86
a very thin, tough, clear plastic for protection of the phosphor layer.
Protective layer
87
A layer of photostimulable phosphor that “traps” electrons during exposure.
Phosphor or active layer
88
May also contain a dye that differentially absorbs the stimulating light to prevent as much spread as possible.
Phosphor or active layer
89
a layer that sends light in a forward direction when released in the cassette reader.
Reflective layer
90
May be black to reduce the spread of stimulating light and the escape of emitted light. Some detail lost in this process.
Reflective layer
91
a layer of material that will absorb and reduce static electricity.
Conductive layer
92
Newer plates may contain a ________, located between the active layer and the support that absorbs the stimulating light but reflects emitted light.
color layer
93
a semirigid material that gives the imaging sheet some strength.
Support layer
94
a soft polymer that protects the back of the cassette.
Backing layer
95
In _______, remnant beam interacts with electrons in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the imaging plate.
CR
96
In CR, __________ interacts with electrons in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the imaging plate.
remnant beam
97
In CR, remnant beam interacts with ______ in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the imaging plate.
electrons
98
In CR, remnant beam interacts with electrons in the ___________ contained within the imaging plate.
barium fluorohalide crystals
99
In CR, remnant beam interacts with electrons in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the ___________.
imaging plate
100
Interaction stimulates, or gives energy to, ______ in the crystals.
electrons
101
Electrons enter into the ________, where they are trapped in an area of the crystal known as the color or phosphor center.
conductive layer
102
Electrons enter into the conductive layer, where they are trapped in an area of the crystal known as the ______ or __________.
color or phosphor center
103
Cassette contains a ____ with a barcode label or barcode sticker on the cassette.
window
104
It contains a window with a barcode label or barcode sticker on the cassette.
Cassette
105
Cassette contains a window with a ______ or ________ on the cassette.
barcode label barcode sticker
106
It enables technologist to match the image information with the patient-identifying barcode on the exam request.
Label
107
Sources of Image Noise in Screen-Film Radiography:
- Quantum noise - X-ray quanta absorbed - X-ray quanta scattered - Latent image fading - Image receptor noise - Phosphor structure - Phosphor particle size - Phosphor particle size distribution - Overcoat, reflection, or backing layers
108
(Sources of Image Noise in Screen-Film Radiography) Mechanical Defects:
- Slow scan driver - Fast scan driver
109
(Sources of Image Noise in Screen-Film Radiography) Optical Defects:
-Laser intensity control - Scatter of stimulating beam - Light quanta emitted by screen - Light quanta collected
110
(Sources of Image Noise in Screen-Film Radiography) Computer Defects:
- Electronic noise - Inadequate sampling - Inadequate quantization
111
Imaging Plate Consist of several layers:
- Protective Layer - Light Reflective Layer - Support Layer - Backing Layer - Bar Code - Light Shielding Layer - Conductive Layer - Phosphor Layer
112
(CR) Capture Element: Coupling Element: Collecting Element:
BaF PSP Lens/Fiber Optics Photodetector
113
(SPR) Capture Element: Coupling Element: Collecting Element:
Nal/Csl None Photodetector
114
(Indirect DR) Capture Element: Coupling Element: Collecting Element:
Csl Fiber Optics CCD/CMOS
115
(Indirect DR) Capture Element: Coupling Element: Collecting Element:
Csl, GdOS Contactayer TFT
116
(Direct DR) Capture Element: Coupling Element: Collecting Element:
a-Se None TFT
117
Component of a dedicated chest scanned projection radiography:
X-ray Tube Prepatient Collimator Postpatient Collimator Detector Array and Electronics
118
Csl
Cesium Iodide
119
SPR
scan projection radiograph

CR/DR (2 decks)

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