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Chemistry Edexcel iGCSE > Principles of Chemistry > Flashcards

Principles of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Name the processes responsible for the change of state from solid to gas

A

sublimation

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2
Q

Name the processes responsible for the change of state from gas to solid

A

deposition

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3
Q

What is diffusion

A

the net movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration - down a concentration gradient until an equillibrium is reached

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4
Q

What is a solubility curve?

A

a curve which shows how the solubility of a substance (in g per 100g of water) changes with temperature

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5
Q

What is an atom?

A

the smallest particle of a chemical element that can exist

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6
Q

What is an element?

A

a substance made up of only one type of atom

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7
Q

What are compounds?

A

two or more elements chemically combined in fixed proportions

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8
Q

What is a mixture?

A

two or more elements not chemically combined

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9
Q

What are 5 methods which mixtures can be separated?

A

filtration, evaporation/crystallisation, simple distillation, fractional distillation, chromatograhy

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10
Q

Describe and explain simple distillation

A

used to seperate liquid from a solution
the liquid boils off and condenses in a condenser
able to keep liquid (collected in separate beaker)

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11
Q

Describe and explain evaporation/crystallisation

A

a technique used for the seperation of a solid dissolved in a solvent
solution heated until all solvent evaporates
Crystallisation involves only removing some of the solvent by evaporation to form a saturated solution which allows the solids to crystallise
Crystals can be collected and seperated from the solvent via filtration

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12
Q

Describe and explain fractional distillation

A

a technique for separation of a mixture of liquids
works when the liquids have different boiling points
uses a fractionating column

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13
Q

Describe and explain filtration

A

used to seperate an insoluble solid suspended in a liquid
residue caught in filter paper (insoluble solid)
paticles too big to fit through the holes in the paper

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14
Q

Describe and explain chromatography

A

used to seperate a mixture of substances dissolved in a solvent

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15
Q

How do you calculate the Rf value?

A

distance moved by the solute/distance moved by solvent

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16
Q

What is an isotope?

A

atoms with the same number of protons and electrons but a different number of neutrons

17
Q

What is ionic bonding?

A

the transfer of electrons from a metal atom to a non-metal atom to form positve and negative ions

18
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

the relatively strong electrostatic attraction between the positve and negative ions

19
Q

What are the properties of ionic substances?

A

high melting and boiling points
do not conduct electricity when solid
conduct when molten or dissolved in water

20
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

a shared pair of electrons between two atoms

21
Q

What is metallic bonding?

A

forces of attraciton between delocalised electrons and nuclei of metal ions

22
Q

What is the law of conservation of mass?

A

no atoms are lost or made during a chemical reaction

the mass of products=the mass of reactants

23
Q

What is the formula that links mass, molecular mass and moles together?

A

Moles = Mass / Mr

24
Q

What are the two formula that links concentration, mole/mass and volume together?

A 
concentration = mass/volume
concentration = moles/volume
25
Q

What is titration?

A

a technique for finding the concentration of a solution by reacting a known volume of this solution with a solution of known concentration

26
Q

What is the equation for % yield?

A

= (actual mass of product / maximum theoretical mass of product) * 100

27
Q

What is electrolysis?

A

the passing of an electric current thorugh ionic substances that are molten or in solution to break them down into elements

28
Q

What is an electrolyte?

A

the liquid/solution which conducts electricity

29
Q

What is a cathode and an anode?

A 
cathode = negative electrode
anode = positive electrode
30
Q

What occurs at the cathode and anodes?

A

reduction and oxidation

Chemistry Edexcel iGCSE (4 decks)

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